Organization of the skin immune system and compartmentalized immune responses in infectious diseases
Open accessAbstract
The skin is an organ harboring several types of immune cells that participate in innate and adaptive immune responses. The immune system of the skin comprises both skin cells and professional immune cells that together constitute what is designated skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT). In this review, I extensively discuss the organization of SALT and the mechanisms involved in its responses to infectious diseases of the skin and mucosa.
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Activation of keratinocyte PRRs leads to Th1-type immune responses and production of type I interferons along with antimicrobial peptides such as β-defensins and cathelicidin.
“Their activation leads to Th1-type immune responses and production of type I interferons (IFNs) [28–30] along with antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) such as β-defensins and cathelicidin [28]”
From Host–Candida auris interactions in the skin (2026) · cites this paper as [28]
Antimicrobial peptides such as β-defensins and cathelicidin are induced by IL-17 during infection.
“which are induced by IL-17 during infection (see section below) [28,31].”
From Host–Candida auris interactions in the skin (2026) · cites this paper as [28]
Keratinocytes express several pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including surface TLR1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 and endosomal TLR3 and 9.
“Keratinocytes express several pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including surface (e.g., TLR1, 2, 4, 5, and 6) and endosomal (e.g., TLR3 and 9) Toll-like receptors (TLRs) [28].”
From Host–Candida auris interactions in the skin (2026) · cites this paper as [28]
Non-immune skin cells contribute to barrier defense by maintaining epithelial integrity, producing AMPs, and releasing chemokines to recruit immune effector cells.
“Non-immune skin cells contribute to barrier defense by maintaining epithelial integrity, producing AMPs, and releasing chemokines to recruit immune effector cells [95,96].”
From Host–Candida auris interactions in the skin (2026) · cites this paper as [95]
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The Immunology of Psoriasis-Current Concepts in Pathogenesis
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Host–Candida auris interactions in the skin
Thangamani, S., Balakumar, A., Datta, A., Bryak, G., & Lionakis, M. S. (2026) · PLOS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1014075 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Quaresma, J. A. S.
- Affiliations
- Center of Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Venue
- Clinical Microbiology Reviews
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2019-09-18
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 4
- ISSN
- 0893-8512 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-6618
- PMC
- PMC6750136
- OpenAlex
- W2964939904
- Cited by
- 149
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 23 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 2.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Clinical Microbiology Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- MCTI | Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (302553/2015-0, 116427/2016-7)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Keywords
- skin-associated lymphoid tissue, skin immune system, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, natural killer cells, inflammatory cells, cytokines, cell death, host-pathogen interaction
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Immune System, Lymphoid Tissue, Skin, Skin Diseases, Host-Pathogen Interactions
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