CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 205Fungal Infections and StudiesAntifungal resistance and susceptibilityImmune responses and vaccinations

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 316 of the 319 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Coccidioidomycosis: Host Response and Vaccine Development

Open access
Cox, Rebecca A., Magee, D. Mitchell·2004·Clinical Microbiology Reviews
DOI 10.1128/cmr.17.4.804-839.2004PMC PMC523560
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

SUMMARY: Coccidioidomycosis is caused by the dimorphic fungi in the genus Coccidioides. These fungi live as mycelia in the soil of desert areas of the American Southwest, and when the infectious spores, the arthroconidia, are inhaled, they convert into the parasitic spherule/endospore phase. Most infections are mild, but these organisms are frank pathogens and can cause severe lethal disease in fully immunocompetent individuals. While there is increased risk of disseminated disease in certain racial groups and immunocompromised persons, the fact that there are hosts who contain the initial infection and exhibit long-term immunity to reinfection supports the hypothesis that a vaccine against these pathogens is feasible. Multiple studies have shown that protective immunity against primary disease is associated with T-helper 1 (Th-1)-associated immune responses. The single best vaccine in animal models, formalin-killed spherules (FKS), was tested in a human trial but was not found to be significantly protective. This result has prompted studies to better define immunodominant Coccidioides antigen with the thought that a subunit vaccine would be protective. These efforts have defined multiple candidates, but the single best individual immunogen is the protein termed antigen 2/proline-rich antigen (Ag2/PRA). Studies in multiple laboratories have shown that Ag2/PRA as both protein and genetic vaccines provides significant protection against mice challenged systemically with Coccidioides. Unfortunately, compared to the FKS vaccine, it is significantly less protective as measured by both assays of reduction in fungal CFU and assays of survival. The capacity of Ag2/PRA to induce only partial protection was emphasized when animals were challenged intranasally. Thus, there is a need to define new candidates to create a multivalent vaccine to increase the effectiveness of Ag2/PRA. Efforts of genomic screening using expression library immunization or bioinformatic approaches to identify new candidates have revealed at least two new protective proteins, expression library immunization antigen 1 (ELI-Ag1) and a β-1,3-glucanosyltransferase (GEL-1). In addition, previously discovered antigens such as Coccidioides-specific antigen (CSA) should be evaluated in assays of protection. While studies have yet to be completed with combinations of the current candidates, the hypothesis is that with increased numbers of candidates in a multivalent vaccine, there will be increased protection. As the genome sequences of the two Coccidioides strains which are under way are completed and annotated, the effort to find new candidates can increase to provide a complete genomic scan for immunodominant proteins. Thus, much progress has been made in the discovery of subunit vaccine candidates against Coccidioides and there are several candidates showing modest levels of protection, but for complete protection against pulmonary challenge we need to continue the search for additional candidates.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1128/cmr.17.4.804-839.2004

Cites

316 of 316 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Items 201–316 of 316

Research works printed but not linked: 23

  1. Albert E. D. M. R. Mickey and P. I. Terasaki. 1973. Genetics of the HLA system in four populations: American-Caucasians Japanese-Americans American Negroes and Mexican Americans p. 233-240. In J. Dausett and J. Colombani (ed.) Histocompatibility testing. The Williams & Wilkins Co. Baltimore Md.
  2. Beaman L. and D. Pappagianis. 1985. Fate of Coccidioides immitis arthroconidia in human peripheral blood monocyte cultures in vitro p. 170-180. In H. Einstein and A. Catanzaro (ed.) Coccidioidomycosis. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference. National Foundation for Infectious Disease Washington D.C.
  3. Brummer E. L. Beaman and D. A. Stevens. 1985. Killing of endospores but not arthroconididia of Coccidioides immitis by immunologically activated polymorphoneclear neutrophils p. 201-213. In H. Einstein and A. Catanzaro (ed.) Coccidioidomycosis. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference. National Foundation for Infectious Disease Washington D.C.
  4. Cole, G. T., C.-Y. Hung, and N. Delgado. 2002. Parasite phase-specific gene expression in Coccidioides. ASM News68:603-610.
  5. Currah, R. S. 1985. Taxonomy of Onygenales: Arthrodermataceae. Gymnoascacease. Myxotrichaceae, and Onygenaceae. Mycotaxon24:1-216.
  6. Department of Health and Human Services. 2002. Possession, use, and transfer of select agents and toxins. 42 CFR, Part 73. Fed. Regist.240:76886-76905.
  7. Dodge R. R. M. D. Lebowitz R. A. Barbee and B. Burrows. 1985. Immediate reactions to coccidioidin and spherulin: the relation of atopy to coccidioidomycosis p. 214-223. In H. Einstein and A. Catanzaro (ed.) Coccidioidomycosis. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference. National Foundation for Infectious Disease Washington D.C.
  8. Drutz, D. J., and A. Catanzaro. 1978. Coccidioidomycosis. Part II. State of the art. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.117:727-770.
  9. Galgiani J. N. 1985. Potential role of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the early host response to Coccidioides immitis p. 181-190. In H. Einstein and A. Catanzaro (ed.) Coccidioidomycosis. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference. National Foundation for Infectious Diseases Washington D.C.
  10. Hicks H. R. and W. T. Northey. 1967. Studies on the response of thymectomized mice to infection with Coccidioides immitis p. 183-187. In L. Ajello (ed.) Proceedings of Second Coccidioidomycosis Symposium. University of Arizona Press Tucson.
  11. Kirkland T. N. and J. Fierer. 1986. Genetics of resistance to coccidioidomycosis p. 169-171. In L. Leive (ed.) Microbiology—1986. American Society for Microbiology Washington D.C.
  12. Kong Y. M. and H. B. Levine. 1967. Loss and recovery of virulence of arthrospores and spherule- endospores of Coccidioides immitis in live vaccines p. 189-195. In L. Ajello (ed.) Proceedings of the Second Coccidioidomycosis Symposium. University of Arizona Press Tucson.
  13. Mourant A. E. A. C. Kopec and D. S. Kazmiera. 1959. The ABO blood groups. Blackwell Scientific Publishing Oxford United Kingdom.
  14. Ophuls, W., and H. C. Moffitt. 1900. A new pathogenic mould (formerly described as a protozoon: Coccidioides immitis pyogenes) preliminary report. Philadelphia Med. J.5:1471-1472.
  15. Payne R. K. K. Kidd P. Rodvany and H. H. Perkins. 1973. HL-A and other polymorphisms of the Filipino people p. 203-208. In J. Dausett and J. Colombani (ed.) Histocompatibility testing. The Williams & Wilkins Co. Baltimore Md.
  16. Posadas, A. 1892. Un nuevo caso de micosis fungoidea con psorospermias. An. Circ. Med. Argent.15:585-597.
  17. Rea T. H. H. Einstein R. Johnson and N. E. Levan. 1977. Further study of dinitrochlorobenzene responsivity in disseminated coccidioidomycosis p. 365-370. In L. Ajello (ed.) Coccidioidomycosis: current clinical and diagnostic status. Symposia Specialists Miami Fla.
  18. Rixford, E., and T. C. Gilchrist. 1896. Two cases of protozoan (coccidioidal) infection of the skin and other organs. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Rev.1:209-268.
  19. Segal G. P. and A. Catanzaro. 1985. Genetic regulation of antibody responses to Coccidioides immitis: the role of antibody in mediated immunity p. 191-200. In H. Einstein and A. Catanzaro (ed.) Coccidioidomycosis. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference. National Foundation for Infectious Disease Washington D.C.
  20. Sievers M. L. 1977. Prognostic factors in disseminated coccidioidomycosis among southwestern American Indians p. 63-78. In L. Ajello (ed.) Coccidioidomycosis: current clinical and diagnostic status. Symposia Specialists Miami Fla.
  21. Wernicke, R. 1892. Ueber einen Protozoenbefund bei Mycosis fungoides. Zentbl. Bakteriol.12:859-861.
  22. Winn W. A. 1967. A working classification of coccidioidomycosis and its application to therapy p. 3-9. In L. Ajello (ed.) Proceedings of the Second Coccidioidomycosis Symposium. University of Arizona Press Tucson.
  23. Winn W. A. S. M. Finegold and R. W. Huntington. 1967. Coccidioidomycosis with fungemia p. 93-109. In L. Ajello (ed.) Proceedings of the Second Coccidioidomycosis Symposium. University of Arizona Press Tucson.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 205

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Cox, R. A., & Magee, D. M.
Affiliations
The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
Venue
Clinical Microbiology Reviews
Publisher
American Society for Microbiology
Published
2004-10
Volume
17
Issue
4
Pages
804-839
ISSN
  • 0893-8512 (ISSN-L)
  • 1098-6618
DOI
10.1128/cmr.17.4.804-839.2004
PMC
PMC523560
OpenAlex
W2153910927
Cited by
205
References
319
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 13
FWCI
1.79
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
journals.asm.org/non-commercial-tdm-license (tdm)
Locations
  • Clinical Microbiology Reviews (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Fungal Infections and Studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
Keywords
coccidioidomycosis, Coccidioides, Th1 response, immunodominant antigens, multivalent vaccine, host immune response
MeSH terms
Animals, Antibodies, Fungal, Antigens, Fungal, Coccidioides, Coccidioidomycosis, Fungal Vaccines, Humans

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review