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Expression, cloning, and characterization of a Candida albicans gene, ALA1, that confers adherence properties upon Saccharomyces cerevisiae for extracellular matrix proteins
Open accessAbstract
Adherence of Candida albicans to host tissues is a necessary step for maintenance of its commensal status and is likely a necessary step in the pathogenesis of candidiasis. The extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins are some of the host tissue and plasma proteins to which C. albicans adheres through adhesins located on the fungal cell surface. To isolate genes encoding ECM adhesins, an assay was developed based on the ability of yeast cells to adhere to magnetic beads coated with the ECM protein fibronectin, type IV collagen, or laminin. A C. albicans genomic library was constructed by cloning XbaI-partially-digested and size-selected fragments into pAUR112, an Escherichia coli-yeast low-copy-number shuttle vector. The C. albicans library was transformed into Saccharomyces cerevisiae YPH 499, and clones capable of adherence were selected by using ECM protein-coated magnetic beads. A plasmid containing an approximately 8-kb insert was isolated from 29 adherent clones. These clones exhibited adherence to all ECM protein-coated magnetic beads and to human buccal epithelial cells. The ALA1 gene (for agglutinin-like adhesin) was localized by subcloning it into a 5-kb XbaI fragment which retained the adherence phenotype in both orientations. The complete DNA sequence of the 5-kb insert was determined, and an open reading frame (ORF) encoding 1,419 amino acid residues was identified. Deletions from the 5' and 3' ends extending into the DNA sequence encoding the 1,419-amino-acid ORF product inactivated the adherence phenotype, suggesting that it is the coding region of the ALA1 gene. A database search identified ALA1 to be similar to the C. albicans ALS1 (for agglutinin-like sequence 1) protein and the S. cerevisiae agglutinin protein (AG alpha1), although the homology at the primary amino acid sequence level is limited to the first half of each of these proteins. ALA1 contains a central domain of six tandem repeats of 36 amino acids. We discuss the significance of various predicted ALA1 structural motifs and their relationships to function in the adherence process.
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“This gene family encodes eight GPI-linked cell surface proteins that mediate binding to diverse host substrates [20][21][22][23][24][25].”
From Als3 Is a Candida albicans Invasin That Binds to Cadherins and Induces Endocytosis by Host Cells (2007) · cites this paper as [22]
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“The Als family of proteins contains six members in addition to Als1 and Als3 [20][21][22][23][24][25].”
From Als3 Is a Candida albicans Invasin That Binds to Cadherins and Induces Endocytosis by Host Cells (2007) · cites this paper as [22]
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Citations
Cites
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Items 101–169 of 169
Detection of Als Proteins on the Cell Wall of Candida albicans in Murine Tissues
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“Epa1p is part of the family of functionally conserved fungal adhesins, including Ala1p (Gaur & Klotz, 1997), Als1p (Fu et al., 1998), Int1p (Gale et al., 1998), and Hwp1p (Staab et al., 1999). ª 2011 Federation of European Microbiological Societies FEMS Yeast Res 12 (2012) 398–414 Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.”
BackgroundIdentification of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 genes preferentially expressed in the natural host.
Li, W., Liu, L.-C., Qiu, D.-X., Chen, H.-C., & Zhou, R. (2010) · International Journal of Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijmm.2010.04.018 · Cited by 38
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“Cell wall glycoproteins have been identified as fungal adhesives and have been implicated in host cell adhesion in many organisms (Gaur and Klotz, 1997; Frieman et al., 2002; Harries et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMonroy‐Pérez, E., Sáinz‐Espuñes, T., Paniagua‐Contreras, G. L., Negrete‐Abascal, E., Rodríguez‐Moctezuma, J. R., & Vaca, S. (2012) · Mycoses · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0507.2012.02188.x · Cited by 31
Gaur, N., & Klotz, S. (2004) · Microbiology · doi:10.1099/mic.0.26738-0 · Cited by 35
“At least two members of the ALS family, Als5p and Als1p, have been shown to confer upon Saccharomyces cerevisiae properties similar to that of C. albicans SRS adherence (Gaur & Klotz, 1997; Fu et al., 1998; Gaur et al., 1999).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationLagree, K., & Mitchell, A. P. (2017) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.funk-0024-2016 · Cited by 41
“cerevisiae cells expressing these proteins attached and formed biofilms on abiotic and cellular substrates, albeit to varying degrees (30, 32, 67).”
BackgroundGreen, C. B., Marretta, S., Cheng, G., Faddoul, F., Ehrhart, E., & Hoyer, L. (2006) · Medical Mycology · doi:10.1080/13693780500086527 · Cited by 34
Karkowska‐Kuleta, J., Wronowska, E., Satała, D., Zawrotniak, M., Braś, G., Kozik, A., Nobbs, A. H., & Rąpała‐Kozik, M. (2020) · Cellular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/cmi.13297 · Cited by 35
“These proteins are glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) linked to β-1,6-glucans of the fungal cell wall (Gaur & Klotz, 1997; Hoyer, 2001; Sheppard et al., 2004); some are preferentially expressed by germ tubes and hyphae (Als1–4), and others by yeastlike cells (Als5–7, Als9) (Modrzewska &…”
BackgroundKottom, T., Kennedy, C., & Limper, A. (2007) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.06093.x · Cited by 33
“…7 January 2008 © 2008 The Authors Journal compilation © 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd yeast Candida albicans have been shown to be important in the attachment of the organism to host cells or extracellular matrixes (Hoyer et al., 1995; Gaur and Klotz, 1997; Gale et al., 1998; Cormack et al., 1999).”
BackgroundBehrens, N., Lipke, P., Pilling, D., Gomer, R., & Klotz, S. (2019) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.00218-19 · Cited by 32
Self-citationComprehensive genetic analysis of adhesin proteins and their role in virulence ofCandida albicans
Rosiana, S., Zhang, L., Kim, G. H., Revtovich, A. V., Uthayakumar, D., Sukumaran, A., Geddes‐McAlister, J., Kirienko, N. V., & Shapiro, R. S. (2021) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/iyab003 · Cited by 41
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“albicans expresses many adhesins, so it is difficult to attribute a specific behavior to any specific cell surface component (21, 23, 24).”
BackgroundAn Amyloid Core Sequence in the Major Candida albicans Adhesin Als1p Mediates Cell-Cell Adhesion
Ho, V., Herman‐Bausier, P., Shaw, C. E., Conrad, K. A., Garcia, M. C., Draghi, J. A., Dufrêne, Y. F., Lipke, P. N., & Rauceo, J. M. (2019) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.01766-19 · Cited by 37
“With 20 tandem repeats in this allele of Als1p (6) versus only 6 repeats in Als5p (23), there is potentially greater hydrophobic surface exposed in each Als1p molecule.”
Klotz, S., Gaur, N., Rauceo, J. M., Lake, D., Park, Y., Hahm, K., & Lipke, P. (2004) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.48.11.4337-4341.2004 · Cited by 28
“For example, the mean numbers of CFU of Fn/23-treated yeast cells cultured on YPD agar (expressed as percentages of live cells) were as follows: 100% with no Fn/23 peptide (control), 100% with 0.04 M Fn/23, 11% with 0.4 M Fn/23, 4% with 2 M Fn/23, and 0% with 4 and 8 M Fn/23.”
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Willaert, R., Kayacan, Y., & Devreese, B. V. (2021) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens10111397 · Cited by 27
Biochemistry of Beer Fermentation
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“Eight ALS genes (ALS1 to ALS7 and ALS9) encode large, cell surface glycoproteins, some of which promote adhesion to host surfaces (Gaur and Klotz, 1997; Hoyer, 2001; Hoyer and Hecht, 2001; Fu et al., 2002; Zhao et al., 2003, 2007).”
BackgroundInteractions of the Fungal Pathogen Candida Albicans with the Host
Rupp, S. (2007) · Future Microbiology · doi:10.2217/17460913.2.2.141 · Cited by 23
“This method identified several adhesins including ALA1/ALS5 [48,49] and ALS1 [50].”
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González, Á., Gómez, B., Restrepo, A., Hamilton, A., & Cano, L. E. (2005) · Medical Mycology · doi:10.1080/13693780500064599 · Cited by 24
Pathogenesis of Vascular Catheter Infection
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“The putative receptor protein protected from chemical modification by both FN and the r40 fragment has a molecular mass lower than those of proteins that were identified as potential FN receptors in uninduced Candida cells by affinity chromatography on immobilized FN (14) or of the recently identified ALA1 adhesin (10…”
BackgroundBetween Amyloids and Aggregation Lies a Connection with Strength and Adhesion
Lipke, P., Ramsook, C. B., Garcia-Sherman, M. C., Jackson, D., Chan, C. X. J., Bois, M., & Klotz, S. (2014) · New Journal of Science · doi:10.1155/2014/815102 · Cited by 22
“Magnetic beads coated with an Als5p ligand (usually fibronectin or denatured BSA) were mixed with a 100-fold excess of cells [1].”
BackgroundSelf-citationTissue Infection and Site-specific Gene Expression in Candida albicans
Fradin, C., & Hube, B. (2003) · Advances in Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2164(03)53008-8 · Cited by 21
Signal transduction pathways and cell-wall construction in Candida albicans
Navarro-García, F., Eisman, B., Román, E., Nombela, C., & Plá, J. (2001) · Medical Mycology · doi:10.1080/mmy.39.1.87.100 · Cited by 18
Molecular Organization and Construction of the Fungal Cell Wall
de Nobel, H., Sietsma, J. H., ENDE, H. V. D., & Klis, F. M. (2001) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-06101-5_9 · Cited by 15
SAP Expression in Candida albicans Strains Isolated from Mexican Patients with Vaginal Candidosis
Monroy-Pérez, E., Paniagua-Contreras, G., Vaca-Paniagua, F., Negrete-Abascal, E., & Vaca, S. (2013) · International Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.4236/ijcm.2013.41006 · Cited by 18
“albicans possesses several virulence factors that are involved in hyphae formation [5], phenotype switching [6-8], cell adhesion [9-12], and extracellular production of hydrolytic enzymes [13,14].”
BackgroundLinkage of adhesion, morphogenesis, and virulence in Candida albicans.
Hostetter, M. K. (1998) · Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0022-2143(98)90038-5 · Cited by 16
Mourer, T., Ghalid, M. E., Pehau‐Arnaudet, G., Kauffmann, B., Loquet, A., Brûlé, S., Cabral, V., d’Enfert, C., & Bachellier‐Bassi, S. (2023) · npj Biofilms and Microbiomes · doi:10.1038/s41522-023-00371-x · Cited by 19
“Subsequently, 10 8 yeast cells were incubated with 10 6 magnetic beads treated overnight with 1 mg/mL − 1 heat-denatured BSA on a benchtop rotator for 1 h to trigger adhesion or left untreated (negative control) 24,59 .”
MethodLipke, P., Mathelié-Guinlet, M., Viljoen, A., & Dufrêne, Y. (2021) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens10081013 · Cited by 15
“Both nanodomain formation and cell–cell adhesion have halftimes of about 7 min, and this observation implies that nanodomain formation is a rate-limiting step [8,40,41].”
BackgroundBallal, S., & Inamdar, S. R. (2018) · Archives of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s00203-018-1487-1 · Cited by 14
Does Candida albicans Als5p Amyloid Play a Role in Commensalism in Caenorhabditis elegans?
Bois, M., Singh, S., Samlalsingh, A., Lipke, P., & Garcia, M. C. (2013) · Eukaryotic Cell · doi:10.1128/ec.00020-13 · Cited by 14
“Fed nematodes were picked, washed, and lysed in urea, which dissociates aggregated yeast cells (5).”
BackgroundStrategies for the identification of virulence determinants in human pathogenic fungi
Alonso-Monge, R., Navarro-García, F., Román, E., Eisman, B., Nombela, C., & Pla, J. (2003) · Current Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00294-002-0364-1 · Cited by 14
“The team headed by Klotz successfully used this approach: S. cerevisiae cells expressing Can. albicans genes were selected for their ability to adhere to an extracellular protein-coated magnetic bead matrix (Gaur and Klotz 1997).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialA CD2‐Based Model of Yeast a‐Agglutinin Elucidates Solution Properties and Binding Characteristics
Grigorescu, A., Chen, M., Zhao, H., Kahn, P., & Lipke, P. (2000) · IUBMB Life · doi:10.1080/713803692 · Cited by 14
“…the association is slow and sensitive to cold, implying the involvement of hydrophobic groups ( 1 , 2 ) . a -Agglutinin is related to several Candida albicans cell adhesion proteins involved in host – pathogen interactions ( 3 , 4 ). a -Agglutinin consists of several functional regions ( 1 , 5 ).”
BackgroundNgan, W. Y., & Habimana, O. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134025 · Cited by 16
Adherence of clinical isolates of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to buccal epithelial cells.
Murphy, A., & Kavanagh, K. (2001) · Medical Mycology · doi:10.1080/mmy.39.1.123.127 · Cited by 13
The Human Disease-Associated Aβ Amyloid Core Sequence Forms Functional Amyloids in a Fungal Adhesin
Rameau, R., Jackson, D., Beaussart, A., Dufrêne, Y., & Lipke, P. (2016) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.01815-15 · Cited by 12
“Binding of Als5pWT to ligandcoated beads leads to activation of the entire yeast cell surface to an adhesive state that mediates extensive cell-cell aggregation (29, 30).”
BackgroundThe Impact of Protein Glycosylation on Flo11-Dependent Adherence in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Meem, M., & Cullen, P. J. (2012) · FEMS Yeast Research · doi:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2012.00832.x · Cited by 12
Candida albicans Cell Wall Mediated Virulence
Munro, C. A. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-03150-2_4 · Cited by 9
Chan, C. X. J., Joseph, I. G., Huang, A., Jackson, D., & Lipke, P. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129152 · Cited by 11
“(These brief assays minimized induction of nanodomains that occurs during standard 45 min assays [4,20]).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAdvances in Plant-Derived Scaffold Proteins
Peng, C.-Y., Kozubowski, L., & Marcotte, W. (2020) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2020.00122 · Cited by 10
Bioprocess Intensification of Beer Fermentation Using Immobilised Cells
Verbelen, P., Nedović, V., Manojlović, V., Delvaux, F., Laskošek-Čukalović, I., Bugarski, B., & Willaert, R. (2010) · IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1008-0_11 · Cited by 10
Genetic basis for probiotic yeast phenotypes revealed by nanopore sequencing
Collins, J. H., Kunyeit, L., Weintraub, S., Sharma, N. K., White, C., Haq, N., Anu‐Appaiah, K. A., Rao, R. P., & Young, E. M. (2023) · G3 Genes Genomes Genetics · doi:10.1093/g3journal/jkad093 · Cited by 11
“ALA1 was also included because it has been implicated in the ability to bind extracellular matrices (Gaur and Klotz 1997).”
BackgroundIbe, C., Walker, L. A., Gow, N. A. R., & Munro, C. A. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-50409-4_16 · Cited by 11
Encounters with Mammalian Cells: Survival Strategies ofCandidaSpecies
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“In fungi, cell wall glycoproteins have been identified as adhesives and implicated in host cell binding in many pathogens (Gaur and Klotz 1997; Buck and Andrews 1999; Frieman et al. 2002; Wang and St Leger 2007; FernándezÁlvarez et al. 2009).”
BackgroundFoldvari, M., Jaafari, M. R., Radhi, J., & Segal, D. (2005) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.49.7.2887-2894.2005 · Cited by 7
Identification of a 21 kDa laminin-binding component of Candida albicans.
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“Expression of some family members in S. cerevisiae induces adhesion to endothelial and epithelial cells ( Gaur and Klotz 1997; Fu et al. 1998), and expression of ALS3 is required for adhesion of C. albicans to host cells (Phan et al. 2007).”
BackgroundFunctional Amyloids in Adhesion of Non-albicans Candida Species
Garcia-Sherman, M. C., Hamid, S. A., Jackson, D., Thomas, J. D., & Lipke, P. (2025) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens14080723 · Cited by 5
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“The agglutinin-like sequence (Als) family of surface proteins (Als1–7 and Als9) has been implicated in the adhesion of C. albicans to host cells and in binding to a broad range of proteins in cell surfaces and the extracellular matrix (Gaur & Klotz, 1997; Phan et al., 2007).”
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Postgenomic Approaches to Analyse Candida albicans Pathogenicity
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Cell Wall of Human Fungal Pathogens and its Interaction with Host Extracellular Matrix
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“Als5 (formerly Ala1) was the first Candida adhesin discovered, and it is important for commensal interactions [5].”
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Interactions of Fungi with Endothelial Cells
Filler, S. G., & Sheppard, D. C. (2005) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-25445-5_20
“In vitro, Als1p, Als3p, and Als5p mediate binding to multiple substrates in addition to endothelial cells, including fibronectin, laminin, collagen, and an oral epithelial cell line ( Gaur and Klotz, 1997; Fu et al., 1998; Gauret al., 1999; Klotz et al., 2004; Sheppard et al., 2004b).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Gaur, N. K., & Klotz, S. A.
- Affiliations
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
- ORCID
- Klotz, S A
- Venue
- Infection and Immunity
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 1997-12
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 5289-5294
- ISSN
- 0019-9567 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-5522
- PMC
- PMC175761
- OpenAlex
- W2119843708
- Cited by
- 182
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 2.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Infection and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Fungal Infections and Studies
- Keywords
- Candida albicans, adhesins, extracellular matrix proteins, fibronectin, type IV collagen, laminin, fungal adhesion, ALS1, tandem repeats, buccal epithelial cells, candidiasis, gene cloning
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acid Sequence, Candida albicans, Cell Adhesion, Cloning, Molecular, Fungal Proteins, Genes, Fungal, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Cell Adhesion Molecules, Extracellular Matrix Proteins, Sequence Analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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