In Vitro Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to Thrombin-Induced Platelet Microbicidal Protein Is Associated with Alterations in Cytoplasmic Membrane Fluidity
Open accessAbstract
Platelet microbicidal proteins (PMPs) are small, cationic peptides which possess potent microbicidal activities against common bloodstream pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus. We previously showed that S. aureus strains exhibiting resistance to thrombin-induced PMP (tPMP-1) in vitro have an enhanced capacity to cause human and experimental endocarditis (T. Wu, M. R. Yeaman, and A. S. Bayer, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38:729-732, 1994; A. S. Bayer et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42:3169-3172, 1998; V. K. Dhawan et al., Infect. Immun. 65:3293-3299, 1997). However, the mechanisms mediating tPMP-1 resistance in S. aureus are not fully delineated. The S. aureus cell membrane appears to be a principal target for the action of tPMP-1. To gain insight into the basis of tPMP-1 resistance, we compared several parameters of membrane structure and function in three tPMP-1-resistant (tPMP-1(r)) strains and their genetically related, tPMP-1-susceptible (tPMP-1(s)) counterpart strains. The tPMP-1(r) strains were derived by three distinct methods: transposon mutagenesis, serial passage in the presence of tPMP-1 in vitro, or carriage of a naturally occurring multiresistance plasmid (pSK1). All tPMP-1(r) strains were found to possess elevated levels of longer-chain, unsaturated membrane lipids, in comparison to their tPMP-1(s) counterparts. This was reflected in corresponding differences in cell membrane fluidity in the strain pairs, with tPMP-1(r) strains exhibiting significantly higher degrees of fluidity as assessed by fluorescence polarization. These data provide further support for the concept that specific alterations in the cytoplasmic membrane of S. aureus strains are associated with tPMP-1 resistance in vitro.
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The lipid profile of resting cells shows reorganisation after treatment with essential oil compounds.
“The lipid profile of resting cells shows reorganisation after treatment with EO compounds, and many authors have described the bacterial fatty acid synthesis pathway as an optimal target of many antibacterial agents [73,74,75].”
From Effect of essential oils on pathogenic bacteria (2013) · cites this paper as [74]
An increase in the amount of saturated fatty acids in the membrane lipid bilayer results in a loss of membrane fluidity and a consequent increase in membrane rigidity.
“An increase in the amount of SFAs in the membrane lipid bilayer results in a loss of membrane fluidity and a consequent increase in membrane rigidity [74].”
From Effect of essential oils on pathogenic bacteria (2013) · cites this paper as [74]
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“Protocols for DPH incorporation into target cell membranes, measurement of fluorescence polarization, and calculation of the degree of fluorescence polarization index are described in detail elsewhere [14].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialXiong, Y. Q., Mukhopadhyay, K., Yeaman, M. R., Adler‐Moore, J., & Bayer, A. S. (2005) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.49.8.3114-3121.2005 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“Prior studies have implicated the microbial CM as an initial target for AP-induced killing (1, 25, 31, 49, 52).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFatty Acids Regulate Stress Resistance and Virulence Factor Production for Listeria monocytogenes
Sun, Y., Wilkinson, B. J., Standiford, T. J., Akinbi, H. T., & O’Riordan, M. X. (2012) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.00045-12 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“Indeed, Staphylococcus aureus strains resistant to thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal proteins, which are CAMPs found in blood, exhibited increased amounts of longer-chain, unsaturated FAs compared to sensitive parental strains (5).”
BackgroundDashtbani-Roozbehani, A., & Brown, M. H. (2021) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics10121502 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Camargo, I. L. B. D. C., Neoh, H., Cui, L., & Hiramatsu, K. (2008) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.00417-08 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“A total of 30 M DiOC2(3) was added to each sample, and the tubes were incubated at room temperature for 4 min.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRose, W. E., Schulz, L. T., Andes, D. R., Striker, R., Berti, A. D., Hutson, P. R., & Shukla, S. K. (2012) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.00797-12 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“The polarization index (pI) is the sensitivity ratio of the instrument for detecting DPH emission and was determined using the following formula: pI [IV IH(IHV/IHH)]/[IV IH(IHV/IHH)],where I is the fluorescence intensity and V and H indicate vertical and horizontal orientation instrument values, respectively (2).”
MethodStaphylococcal resistance to antimicrobial peptides of mammalian and bacterial origin
Peschel, A., & Collins, L. V. (2001) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/s0196-9781(01)00500-9 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Tajer, L., Paillart, J., Dib, H., Sabatier, J., Fajloun, Z., & Khattar, Z. A. (2024) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms12071259 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Zhu, B., Xia, X., Xia, N., Zhang, S., & Guo, X. (2014) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es404359v · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Mason, K. M., Munson, R. S., & Bakaletz, L. O. (2004) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.73.1.599-608.2005 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“Alternative strategies for resisting the toxicity of APs include the efflux of APs via an energy-dependent pump, alterations of the cytoplasmic membrane fluidity, or cleavage with surface-associated proteases (9, 20, 21, 42, 49, 50, 55).”
BackgroundBayer, A. S., Mishra, N. N., Chen, L., Kreiswirth, B. N., Rubio, A., & Yang, S. (2015) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.00970-15 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Mukhopadhyay, K., Whitmire, W. M., Xiong, Y. Q., Molden, J., Jones, T., Peschel, A., Neumann‐Staubitz, P., Adler‐Moore, J., McNamara, P. J., Proctor, R. A., et al. (2007) · Microbiology · doi:10.1099/mic.0.2006/003111-0 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“Mammalian platelets release a cadre of cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAPs), termed platelet microbicidal proteins (PMPs), which kill many important blood-borne pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus (Bayer et al., 1998, 2000; Wu et al., 1994; Yeaman et al., 1997, 1998).”
BackgroundBactericidal Activity of the Human Skin Fatty Acid cis -6-Hexadecanoic Acid on Staphylococcus aureus
Cartron, M. L., England, S. R., Chiriac, A. I., Josten, M., Turner, R. D., Rauter, Y., Hurd, A. F., Sahl, H., Jones, S., & Foster, S. J. (2014) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.01043-13 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“The lower the polarization index value, the more fluid the membrane (25, 26, 27).”
BackgroundNuri, ., Shprung, T., & Shai, Y. (2015) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.05.022 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Mason, K. M., Bruggeman, M. E., Munson, R. S., & Bakaletz, L. O. (2006) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05460.x · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“…altering cytoplasmic membrane fluidity, cleavage with surface associated proteases (Guo et al., 1998; Shafer et al., 1998; Peschel et al., 1999; Bayer et al., 2000; Guina et al., 2000; McCoy et al., 2001) or reducing the net negative charge of the cell envelope via surface modifications that…”
BackgroundBacillus subtilis CF-3 Volatile Organic Compounds Inhibit Monilinia fructicola Growth in Peach Fruit
Zhou, M., Li, P., Wu, S., Zhao, P., & Gao, H. (2019) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.01804 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“If the saturated fatty acid in the cell membrane is at a high level, it will lead to an increase in the cell membrane stiffness, causing cell rupture (Bayer et al., 2000).”
BackgroundZhao, P., Li, P., Wu, S., Zhou, M., Zhi, R., & Gao, H. (2019) · AMB Express · doi:10.1186/s13568-019-0841-2 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Bionda, N., Pitteloud, J., & Čudić, P. (2013) · Future Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.4155/fmc.13.86 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Mucosal physical and chemical innate barriers: Lessons from microbial evasion strategies
Sperandio, B., Fischer, N., & Sansonetti, P. J. (2015) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2015.03.011 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Staphylococcus Aureus Evasion of Innate Antimicrobial Defense
Kraus, D., & Peschel, A. (2008) · Future Microbiology · doi:10.2217/17460913.3.4.437 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Berti, A. D., Wergin, J. E., Girdaukas, G. G., Hetzel, S., Sakoulas, G., & Rose, W. E. (2012) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.00502-12 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Membrane fluidity was determined spectrofluorometrically using 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) as previously described (3, 5) Overnight bacterial cultures were inoculated into fresh MHB50 medium and grown to an OD600 of 0.”
MethodMousavi, F., Bojko, B., Bessonneau, V., & Pawliszyn, J. B. (2016) · Journal of Proteome Research · doi:10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00992 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Humphries, R. M., Kelesidis, T., Tewhey, R., Rose, W. E., Schork, N. J., Nizet, V., & Sakoulas, G. (2012) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.01318-12 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“d The polarization index is expressed as degree of fluorescence polarization (4).”
BackgroundMethodWang, K., Qin, Z., Wu, S., Zhao, P., Zhen, C., & Gao, H. (2021) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00640 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Xiong, Y.-Q., Bayer, A. S., & Yeaman, M. R. (2002) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/338514 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Conceptually, the antimicrobial functions of mammalian platelets have recently been linked to their release of a group of small, cationic peptides termed platelet microbicidal proteins (PMPs) [1,5-17].”
BackgroundSong, Y., Rubio, A., Jayaswal, R. K., Silverman, J. A., & Wilkinson, B. J. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058469 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Mishra, N. N., Tran, T. T., Seepersaud, R., García-de-la-Mària, C., Faull, K. F., Yoon, A., Proctor, R. A., Miró, J. M., Rybak, M. J., Bayer, A. S., et al. (2017) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.02435-16 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“The protocol for DPH incorporation into target cell membranes, measurement of fluorescence polarization, and calculation of the fluorescence polarization index were described previously (38).”
BackgroundMethodMishra, N. N., Bayer, A. S., Moise, P. A., Yeaman, M. R., & Sakoulas, G. (2012) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jis482 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“adapt to daptomycin exposures in vivo by increasing its membrane fluidity, a key parameter previously associated with resistance to killing by tPMPs [25–27]; by substantially thickening its cell wall, a phenotype that may impede the transit”
BackgroundBayer, A. S., McNamara, P. J., Yeaman, M. R., Lucindo, N., Jones, T., Cheung, A. L., Sahl, H., & Proctor, R. A. (2005) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.188.1.211-222.2006 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Vincent, M., England, L. S., & Trevors, J. T. (2004) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2004.03.005 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Zhou, W., Wang, Z., Mo, H., Zhao, Y., Li, H., Zhang, H., Hu, L., & Zhou, X. (2019) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03517 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Diversity in Antistaphylococcal Mechanisms among Membrane-Targeting Antimicrobial Peptides
Koo, S.-P., Bayer, A. S., & Yeaman, M. R. (2001) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.69.8.4916-4922.2001 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“, small colony variants [SCVs]) or an alteration in their membrane fluidity characteristics (3, 15, 36).”
BackgroundBayer, A. S., Kupferwasser, L. I., Brown, M. H., Skurray, R. A., Grkovic, S., Jones, T., Mukhopadhay, K., & Yeaman, M. R. (2006) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.00028-06 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“aureus strains resist the microbicidal activities of tPMPs remain incompletely defined but appear to include enhanced membrane fluidity (3); reduced transmembrane potential ( ) (17), and mutations of genes involved in generating the proton motive force (PMF) (2).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialActive Export Proteins Mediating Drug Resistance in Staphylococci
Hassan, K. A., Skurray, R. A., & Brown, M. H. (2007) · Microbial Physiology · doi:10.1159/000099640 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Surprisingly, the qacA resistance determinant has also been associated with low-level resistance to the host-encoded thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal protein, which appears to occur via a nonefflux-related mechanism [Bayer et al., 2000, 2006; Kupferwasser et al., 1999].”
BackgroundEngland, L. S., Gorzelak, M., & Trevors, J. T. (2003) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2003.09.012 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Yang, S., Xiong, Y. Q., Yeaman, M. R., Bayles, K. W., Abdelhady, W., & Bayer, A. S. (2013) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.00412-13 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Induced resistance to the antimicrobial peptide lactoferricin B in Staphylococcus aureus
Samuelsen, Ø., Haukland, H. H., Jenssen, H., Kramer, M. M., Sandvik, K., Ulvatne, H., & Vorland, L. H. (2005) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2005.05.017 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“brane [12,13] would prevent the peptide from reaching its target.”
Cheung, A. L., Bayer, A. S., Yeaman, M. R., Xiong, Y. Q., Waring, A. J., Memmi, G., Donegan, N. P., Chaili, S., & Yang, S. (2014) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.02480-14 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“troscopy using the fluorescent probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) as described before (11, 40).”
MethodStaphylococcus aureus (Including Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome)
Que, Y., & Moreillon, P. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4557-4801-3.00196-x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Myszka, K., Leja, K., & Majcher, M. A. (2018) · Journal of Essential Oil Research · doi:10.1080/10412905.2018.1511482 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Singh, V. K., Sirobhushanam, S., Ring, R. P., Singh, S., Gatto, C., & Wilkinson, B. J. (2018) · Journal of Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1099/jmm.0.000707 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“aureus strain JE2 and its derivative mutants and complemented strains Membrane fluidity was determined using fluorescence polarization as previously described [38], with some modifications.”
MethodShireen, T., Singh, M., Das, T., & Mukhopadhyay, K. (2013) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.00780-13 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Wang, D., Wang, G., Wang, J., Zhai, H., & Xue, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1109028 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Lather, P., Mohanty, A. K., Jha, P. K., & Garsa, A. K. (2016) · Biochemistry Research International · doi:10.1155/2016/1091290 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“aureus also acquired resistance to platelet microbial protein, a small cationic peptide that possesses potentmicrobicidal activities against common blood streampathogens [26].”
BackgroundD’Asta, F., Halstead, F. D., Harrison, P., Orlandini, S. Z., Moiemen, N. S., & Lord, J. M. (2017) · Platelets · doi:10.1080/09537104.2017.1317731 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“different bacterial strains have dissimilar susceptibility to inhibition by platelet AMPs [38].”
BackgroundInfluentialKossakowska-Zwierucho, M., Kaźmierkiewicz, R., Bielawski, K. P., & Nakonieczna, J. (2016) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01141 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Danner, S., Pabst, G., Lohner, K., & Hickel, A. (2007) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1529/biophysj.107.123422 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“aureus resistance to these peptides (19,21,23,31,32).”
Verdon, J., Labanowski, J., Sahr, T., Ferreira, T., Lacombe, C., Buchrieser, C., Berjeaud, J., & Héchard, Y. (2010) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.12.011 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Kang, K.-M., Mishra, N. N., Park, K. T., Lee, G. Y., Park, Y. H., Bayer, A. S., & Yang, S. (2017) · The Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s12275-017-6509-1 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“The comparative CM fluidity of the three MSSA strain-pairs were determined by fluorescence polarization spectroscopy using the fluorescent probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) as described previously (Bayer et al., 2000; Mishra et al., 2009).”
MethodLee, T.-H., Sani, M., Overall, S. A., Separovic, F., & Aguilar, M. (2017) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.10.007 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Zheng, X., Berti, A. D., McCrone, S., Roch, M., Rosato, A. E., Rose, W. E., & Chen, B. (2017) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.02100-17 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“The polarization index (p) was determined using the formula p (IV IH)/(IV IH), where I is the fluorescence intensity, and subscripts V and H indicate vertical and horizontal orientation instrument values, respectively (52).”
MethodMahfouz, S., Mansour, G., Murphy, D. J., & Hanano, A. (2020) · Bioresources and Bioprocessing · doi:10.1186/s40643-020-00347-1 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Rivera, E. S., Weiss, A., Migas, L. G., Freiberg, J. A., Djambazova, K. V., Neumann, E. K., de Plas, R. V., Spraggins, J. M., Skaar, E. P., & Caprioli, R. M. (2022) · Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Advances in the Clinical Lab · doi:10.1016/j.jmsacl.2022.09.003 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Shireen, T., Singh, M., Dhawan, B., & Mukhopadhyay, K. (2012) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2012.05.025 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Ma, Z., Lasek‐Nesselquist, E., Lu, J., Schneider, R. F., Shah, R., Oliva, G., Pata, J. D., McDonough, K. A., Pai, M. P., Rose, W. E., et al. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0198366 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
A comprehensive guide on screening and selection of a suitable AMP against biofilm-forming bacteria
Anand, A. A., Amod, A., Anwar, S., Sahoo, A. K., Sethi, G., & Samanta, S. K. (2023) · Critical Reviews in Microbiology · doi:10.1080/1040841x.2023.2293019 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Nontraditional therapies to treat Helicobacter pylori infection
Makobongo, M. O., Gilbreath, J. J., & Merrell, D. S. (2014) · The Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s12275-014-3603-5 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Li, L., Yeaman, M. R., Bayer, A. S., & Xiong, Y. Q. (2019) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics8020071 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Additionally, it is known that bacterial membrane fluidity can affect PMP susceptibility [28].”
BackgroundBacterial Evasion of Host Antimicrobial Peptide Defenses
Cole, J. N., & Nizet, V. (2016) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555819286.ch15 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bayer, A. S., Prasad, R., Chandra, J., Koul, A., Smriti, M., Varma, A., Skurray, R. A., Firth, N., Brown, M. H., Koo, S.-P., & Yeaman, M. R.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Jawaharlal Nehru University (IN)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Infection and Immunity
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2000-06
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 3548-3553
- ISSN
- 0019-9567 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-5522
- PMC
- PMC97641
- OpenAlex
- W2156172406
- Cited by
- 150
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 3.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Infection and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI 39108, AI-39001, R01AI039108, R29AI039001, R01AI039001)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Antimicrobial Peptides and Activities
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Keywords
- Staphylococcus aureus, antimicrobial resistance, membrane lipid composition, endocarditis, cationic antimicrobial peptides, multiresistance plasmid
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acids, Anti-Bacterial Agents, beta-Thromboglobulin, Biological Transport, Blood Proteins, Cell Membrane, DNA Transposable Elements, Drug Resistance, Microbial, Fatty Acids, Membrane Fluidity, Phenotype, Phospholipids, Species Specificity, Staphylococcus aureus, Mutagenesis, Insertional, Chemokines
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