Cited by 150Antimicrobial Resistance in StaphylococcusAntimicrobial Peptides and ActivitiesBacterial Genetics and Biotechnology

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 52 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

In Vitro Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to Thrombin-Induced Platelet Microbicidal Protein Is Associated with Alterations in Cytoplasmic Membrane Fluidity

Open access

Bayer, Arnold S., Prasad, Rajendra, Chandra, Jyotsna, Koul, Anjni, Smriti, M., Varma, Archana, Skurray, Ronald A., Firth, Neville, Brown, Melissa H., Koo, Su-Pin, Yeaman, Michael R.·2000·Infection and Immunity

DOI 10.1128/iai.68.6.3548-3553.2000PMC PMC97641

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Platelet microbicidal proteins (PMPs) are small, cationic peptides which possess potent microbicidal activities against common bloodstream pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus. We previously showed that S. aureus strains exhibiting resistance to thrombin-induced PMP (tPMP-1) in vitro have an enhanced capacity to cause human and experimental endocarditis (T. Wu, M. R. Yeaman, and A. S. Bayer, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38:729-732, 1994; A. S. Bayer et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42:3169-3172, 1998; V. K. Dhawan et al., Infect. Immun. 65:3293-3299, 1997). However, the mechanisms mediating tPMP-1 resistance in S. aureus are not fully delineated. The S. aureus cell membrane appears to be a principal target for the action of tPMP-1. To gain insight into the basis of tPMP-1 resistance, we compared several parameters of membrane structure and function in three tPMP-1-resistant (tPMP-1(r)) strains and their genetically related, tPMP-1-susceptible (tPMP-1(s)) counterpart strains. The tPMP-1(r) strains were derived by three distinct methods: transposon mutagenesis, serial passage in the presence of tPMP-1 in vitro, or carriage of a naturally occurring multiresistance plasmid (pSK1). All tPMP-1(r) strains were found to possess elevated levels of longer-chain, unsaturated membrane lipids, in comparison to their tPMP-1(s) counterparts. This was reflected in corresponding differences in cell membrane fluidity in the strain pairs, with tPMP-1(r) strains exhibiting significantly higher degrees of fluidity as assessed by fluorescence polarization. These data provide further support for the concept that specific alterations in the cytoplasmic membrane of S. aureus strains are associated with tPMP-1 resistance in vitro.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1128/iai.68.6.3548-3553.2000

Cites

51 of 51 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical strain with reduced vancomycin susceptibility
Hiramatsu, K. (1997) · Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · doi:10.1093/jac/40.1.135 · Cited by 1,984
Fluidity parameters of lipid regions determined by fluorescence polarization
Shinitzky, M., & Barenholz, Y. (1978) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/0304-4157(78)90010-2 · Cited by 1,885
The modification of mammalian membrane polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in relation to membrane fluidity and function
Stubbs, C. D., & Smith, A. D. (1984) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/0304-4157(84)90005-4 · Cited by 1,618
Epidemiology of Drug Resistance: Implications for a Post—Antimicrobial Era
Cohen, M. L. (1992) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.257.5073.1050 · Cited by 1,310
The staphylococci in human disease
Crossley, K., & Archer, G. L. (1996) · Churchill Livingstone eBooks · Cited by 625
Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel gene of Candida albicans, CDR1, conferring multiple resistance to drugs and antifungals
Prasad, R., De Wergifosse, P., Goffeau, A., & Balzi, E. (1995) · Current Genetics · doi:10.1007/bf00352101 · Cited by 486
Modulation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae susceptibility to vertebrate antibacterial peptides due to a member of the resistance/nodulation/division efflux pump family
Shafer, W. M., Qu, X. D., Waring, A. J., & Lehrer, R. I. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.4.1829 · Cited by 391
Mode of action of the peptide antibiotic nisin and influence on the membrane potential of whole cells and on cytoplasmic and artificial membrane vesicles
Ruhr, E., & Sahl, H. (1985) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.27.5.841 · Cited by 377
Structure and orientation of the antibiotic peptide magainin in membranes by solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Bechinger, B., ZASLOFF, M. A., & Opella, S. J. (1993) · Protein Science · doi:10.1002/pro.5560021208 · Cited by 360
The Role of Platelets in Antimicrobial Host Defense
Yeaman, M. R. (1997) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/516120 · Cited by 308

Show all 52 references

Research works printed but not linked: 2

10.1001/archinte.1995.00430110089009 · DOI · Paper page
Tang Y. Q. Yeaman M. R. Selsted M. E. Purification, characterization, and antimicrobial properties of peptides released from thrombin-induced human platelets.Blood861995556a (Abstract 3626.)

Sorted by citations

Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Peptide Action and Resistance
Yeaman, M. R., & Yount, N. Y. (2003) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.55.1.2 · Cited by 2,998
“Bayer et al. (2000) then compared parameters of membrane structure and function in genetically related S. aureus strains differing in tPMP-1 susceptibility or resistance.”
BackgroundResult
Effect of essential oils on pathogenic bacteria
Nazzaro, F., Fratianni, F., De Martino, L., Coppola, R., & De Feo, V. (2013) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph6121451 · Cited by 2,186
“An increase in the amount of SFAs in the membrane lipid bilayer results in a loss of membrane fluidity and a consequent increase in membrane rigidity [74].”
Background
Immune evasion by staphylococci
Foster, T. J. (2005) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro1289 · Cited by 1,214
Mechanisms and consequences of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial peptides
Andersson, D. I., Hughes, D., & Kubicek-Sutherland, J. Z. (2016) · Drug Resistance Updates · doi:10.1016/j.drup.2016.04.002 · Cited by 718
“…membrane fluidity via expression of unsaturated lipids 5 sistan ( 1 7 a l f t m i l t r d T l f b t i s o o a f n d s i 2 r H i g c A a p c b i ( g r 2 s t L m i c i a a e a i i A t i t l 0 D.I. Andersson et al. / Drug Re Bayer et al., 2000) or reducing membrane potential (Yeaman et al., 998).”
Background
Membrane toxicity of antimicrobial compounds from essential oils
Di Pasqua, R., Betts, G., Hoskins, N., Edwards, M., Ercolini, D., & Mauriello, G. (2007) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf0636465 · Cited by 648
Changes in Membrane Fatty Acids Composition of Microbial Cells Induced by Addiction of Thymol, Carvacrol, Limonene, Cinnamaldehyde, and Eugenol in the Growing Media
Pasqua, R. D., Hoskins, N., Betts, G., & Mauriello, G. (2006) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf052722l · Cited by 503
The interaction of bacterial pathogens with platelets
Fitzgerald, J. R., Foster, T. J., & Cox, D. M. (2006) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro1425 · Cited by 487
How do bacteria resist human antimicrobial peptides?
Peschel, A. (2002) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/s0966-842x(02)02333-8 · Cited by 462
Regulation of bacterial drug export systems
Grkovic, S., Brown, M. H., & Skurray, R. A. (2002) · Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews · doi:10.1128/mmbr.66.4.671-701.2002 · Cited by 423
“erichia coli (143) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (203) are also exported by some MDR pumps; in Staphylococcus aureus, the presence of an MDR transporter has been correlated with resistance to a cationic antimicrobial peptide (17, 87).”
Background
Bacterial strategies of resistance to antimicrobial peptides
Joo, H., Fu, C.-I., & Otto, M. J. (2016) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0292 · Cited by 362
Membrane targeting cationic antimicrobial peptides
Ciumac, D., Gong, H., Hu, X., & Lu, J. R. (2018) · Journal of Colloid and Interface Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2018.10.103 · Cited by 353
Persistent Bacteremia Due to Methicillin‐ResistantStaphylococcus aureusInfection Is Associated withagrDysfunction and Low‐Level In Vitro Resistance to Thrombin‐Induced Platelet Microbicidal Protein
Fowler, V. G., Sakoulas, G., McIntyre, L. M., Meka, V. G., Arbeit, R. D., Cabell, C. H., Stryjewski, M. E., Eliopoulos, G. M., Reller, L. B., Corey, G. R., et al. (2004) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/423145 · Cited by 351
Failures in Clinical Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus Infection with Daptomycin Are Associated with Alterations in Surface Charge, Membrane Phospholipid Asymmetry, and Drug Binding
Jones, T., Yeaman, M. R., Sakoulas, G., Yang, S., Proctor, R. A., Sahl, H., Schrenzel, J., Xiong, Y. Q., & Bayer, A. S. (2007) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.00719-07 · Cited by 320
Mechanisms of daptomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: role of the cell membrane and cell wall
Bayer, A. S., Schneider, T., & Sahl, H. (2013) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06819.x · Cited by 311
The Staphylococcus aureus surface protein IsdA mediates resistance to innate defenses of human skin
Clarke, S. R., Mohamed, R., Bian, L., Routh, A. F., Kokai-Kun, J. F., Mond, J. J., Tarkowski, A., & Foster, S. J. (2007) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2007.04.005 · Cited by 225
Pathogenesis of streptococcal and staphylococcal endocarditis
Moreillon, P., Que, Y., & Bayer, A. S. (2002) · Infectious Disease Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0891-5520(01)00009-5 · Cited by 218
“aureus resistant to tPMP-1 studied to date share a common phenotype—a decrease in membrane potential and an increase in membrane fluidity [84,86].”
Background
Analysis of Cell Membrane Characteristics of In Vitro-Selected Daptomycin-Resistant Strains of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Mishra, N. N., Yang, S., Sawa, A., Rubio, A., Nast, C. C., Yeaman, M. R., & Bayer, A. S. (2009) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.01682-08 · Cited by 216
Physiological Functions of Bacterial “Multidrug” Efflux Pumps
Henderson, P. J. F., Maher, C., Elbourne, L. D. H., Eijkelkamp, B. A., Paulsen, I. T., & Hassan, K. A. (2021) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01226 · Cited by 209
Carotenoid-Related Alteration of Cell Membrane Fluidity Impacts Staphylococcus aureus Susceptibility to Host Defense Peptides
Mishra, N. N., Liu, G. Y., Yeaman, M. R., Nast, C. C., Proctor, R. A., McKinnell, J. A., & Bayer, A. S. (2010) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.00680-10 · Cited by 204
The possible mechanism of antifungal action of tea tree oil onBotrytis cinerea
Shao, X., Cheng, S., Wang, H., Yu, D., & Mungai, C. (2013) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/jam.12193 · Cited by 195
Antimicrobial Peptides – Promising Alternatives to Conventional Antibiotics
Baltzer, S. A., & Brown, M. H. (2011) · Microbial Physiology · doi:10.1159/000331009 · Cited by 191
“However, in addition to the above-mentioned modifications, bacteria can also alter their cell wall hydrophobicity and membrane fluidity, which also plays a role in the protection against APs [Bayer et al., 2000; Peschel, 2002].”
Background
Staphylococcus aureus (Including Staphylococcal Toxic Shock)
Que, Y., & Moreillon, P. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-06839-3.00195-8 · Cited by 177
Daptomycin Resistance in Enterococci Is Associated with Distinct Alterations of Cell Membrane Phospholipid Content
Mishra, N. N., Bayer, A. S., Tran, T. T., Shamoo, Y. E., Mileykovskaya, E., Dowhan, W., Guan, Z., & Arias, C. A. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043958 · Cited by 168
“The protocol followed previously-published techniques for DPH incorporation into target CMs, measurement of fluorescence polarization and calculation of the degree of fluorescence polarization (polarization index) [46].”
BackgroundMethod
DltABCD- and MprF-Mediated Cell Envelope Modifications of Staphylococcus aureus Confer Resistance to Platelet Microbicidal Proteins and Contribute to Virulence in a Rabbit Endocarditis Model
Weidenmaier, C., Peschel, A., Kempf, V. A. J., Lucindo, N., Yeaman, M. R., & Bayer, A. S. (2005) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.73.12.8033-8038.2005 · Cited by 166
Staphylococcal multidrug efflux protein QacA.
Brown, M. H., & Skurray, R. A. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 164
Resistance Mechanisms to Antimicrobial Peptides in Gram-Positive Bacteria
Assoni, L., Milani, B., Carvalho, M. R., Nepomuceno, L. N., Waz, N. T., Guerra, M. E. S., Converso, T. R., & Darrieux, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.593215 · Cited by 176
Reduced Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus to Vancomycin and Platelet Microbicidal Protein Correlates with Defective Autolysis and Loss of Accessory Gene Regulator ( agr ) Function
Sakoulas, G., Eliopoulos, G. M., Fowler, V. G., Moellering, R. C., Novick, R. P., Lucindo, N., Yeaman, M. R., & Bayer, A. S. (2005) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.49.7.2687-2692.2005 · Cited by 162
Bacterial resistance mechanisms against host defense peptides
Koprivnjak, T., & Peschel, A. (2011) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-011-0716-4 · Cited by 158
The Staphylococcus aureus Two-Component Regulatory System, GraRS, Senses and Confers Resistance to Selected Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides
Yang, S., Bayer, A. S., Mishra, N. N., Meehl, M. A., Ledala, N., Yeaman, M. R., Xiong, Y. Q., & Cheung, A. L. (2011) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.05669-11 · Cited by 154
“To assure that any differences seen among the study strains in CAP susceptibility profiles were not attributable to membrane order perturbations, membrane fluidity was determined by fluorescence polarization spectroscopy using the fluorescent probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5hexatriene (DPH) as described previously (4, 29).”
Method
Antimicrobial Peptide Resistance Mechanisms of Gram-Positive Bacteria
Nawrocki, K. L., Crispell, E., & McBride, S. M. (2014) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics3040461 · Cited by 142
“aureus, increased levels of unsaturated membrane lipids increase the resistance to the host AMP, tPMP (thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal proteins) [206].”
Background
Essential Oils: An Impending Substitute of Synthetic Antimicrobial Agents to Overcome Antimicrobial Resistance
Mittal, R. P., Rana, A., & Jaitak, V. (2018) · Current Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1389450119666181031122917 · Cited by 153
Correlation of Cell Membrane Lipid Profiles with Daptomycin Resistance in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Mishra, N. N., & Bayer, A. S. (2012) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.02182-12 · Cited by 137
In Vitro Low-Level Resistance to Azoles in Candida albicans Is Associated with Changes in Membrane Lipid Fluidity and Asymmetry
Kohli, A., Smriti, N., Mukhopadhyay, K., Rattan, A., & Prasad, R. (2002) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.46.4.1046-1052.2002 · Cited by 137
“tance to platelet microbicidal proteins by Staphylococcus aureus was also shown to be associated with variation in membrane fluidity due to elevated levels of unsaturated membrane lipids (4).”
Background
Arming the enemy: the evolution of resistance to self-proteins
Bell, G., & Gouyon, P. (2003) · Microbiology · doi:10.1099/mic.0.26265-0 · Cited by 136
In Vitro Cross-Resistance to Daptomycin and Host Defense Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides in Clinical Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates
Mishra, N. N., McKinnell, J. A., Yeaman, M. R., Rubio, A., Nast, C. C., Chen, L., Kreiswirth, B. N., & Bayer, A. S. (2011) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.00223-11 · Cited by 134
Biocides – resistance, cross-resistance mechanisms and assessment
Gnanadhas, D. P., Marathe, S. A., & Chakravortty, D. (2012) · Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs · doi:10.1517/13543784.2013.748035 · Cited by 135
“For example, an increase in the amount of unsaturated fatty acids in the membrane increases the fluidity rendering the organism resistant to the antimicrobials [112,113].”
Background
Bacterial Evasion of Host Antimicrobial Peptide Defenses
Cole, J. N., & Nizet, V. (2016) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.vmbf-0006-2015 · Cited by 126
Insertional Inactivation of Branched-Chain α-Keto Acid Dehydrogenase in Staphylococcus aureus Leads to Decreased Branched-Chain Membrane Fatty Acid Content and Increased Susceptibility to Certain Stresses
Singh, V. K., Hattangady, D. S., Giotis, E. S., Singh, A. K., Chamberlain, N. R., Stuart, M. K., & Wilkinson, B. J. (2008) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.00882-08 · Cited by 127
“aureus to thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal protein is also associated with alterations in cytoplasmic membrane fluidity (4).”
Influential
The intricate link between membrane lipid structure and composition and membrane structural properties in bacterial membranes
Lee, T.-H., Charchar, P., Separovic, F., Reid, G. E., Yarovsky, I., & Aguilar, M. (2024) · Chemical Science · doi:10.1039/d3sc04523d · Cited by 142
Membranes of Class IIa Bacteriocin-Resistant Listeria monocytogenes Cells Contain Increased Levels of Desaturated and Short-Acyl-Chain Phosphatidylglycerols
Vadyvaloo, V., Hastings, J. W., van der Merwe, M. J., & Rautenbach, M. (2002) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.68.11.5223-5230.2002 · Cited by 119
“ionic antimicrobial peptide thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal protein (3).”
Background
Molecular Mechanisms of Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobial Peptides
Kraus, D., & Peschel, A. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-540-29916-5_9 · Cited by 117
Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics of Persistent Methicillin‐ResistantStaphylococcus aureusBacteremia In Vitro and in an Experimental Endocarditis Model
Xiong, Y. Q., Fowler, V. G., Yeaman, M. R., Perdreau‐Remington, F., Kreiswirth, B. N., & Bayer, A. S. (2008) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/595738 · Cited by 115
“Protocols for DPH incorporation into target cell membranes, measurement of fluorescence polarization, and calculation of the degree of fluorescence polarization index are described in detail elsewhere [14].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Functional Interrelationships between Cell Membrane and Cell Wall in Antimicrobial Peptide-Mediated Killing of Staphylococcus aureus
Xiong, Y. Q., Mukhopadhyay, K., Yeaman, M. R., Adler‐Moore, J., & Bayer, A. S. (2005) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.49.8.3114-3121.2005 · Cited by 118
“Prior studies have implicated the microbial CM as an initial target for AP-induced killing (1, 25, 31, 49, 52).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Fatty Acids Regulate Stress Resistance and Virulence Factor Production for Listeria monocytogenes
Sun, Y., Wilkinson, B. J., Standiford, T. J., Akinbi, H. T., & O’Riordan, M. X. (2012) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.00045-12 · Cited by 116
“Indeed, Staphylococcus aureus strains resistant to thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal proteins, which are CAMPs found in blood, exhibited increased amounts of longer-chain, unsaturated FAs compared to sensitive parental strains (5).”
Background
Efflux Pump Mediated Antimicrobial Resistance by Staphylococci in Health-Related Environments: Challenges and the Quest for Inhibition
Dashtbani-Roozbehani, A., & Brown, M. H. (2021) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics10121502 · Cited by 118
Serial Daptomycin Selection Generates Daptomycin-NonsusceptibleStaphylococcus aureusStrains with a Heterogeneous Vancomycin-Intermediate Phenotype
Camargo, I. L. B. D. C., Neoh, H., Cui, L., & Hiramatsu, K. (2008) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.00417-08 · Cited by 114
“A total of 30 M DiOC2(3) was added to each sample, and the tubes were incubated at room temperature for 4 min.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Addition of Ceftaroline to Daptomycin after Emergence of Daptomycin-Nonsusceptible Staphylococcus aureus during Therapy Improves Antibacterial Activity
Rose, W. E., Schulz, L. T., Andes, D. R., Striker, R., Berti, A. D., Hutson, P. R., & Shukla, S. K. (2012) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.00797-12 · Cited by 112
“The polarization index (pI) is the sensitivity ratio of the instrument for detecting DPH emission and was determined using the following formula: pI [IV IH(IHV/IHH)]/[IV IH(IHV/IHH)],where I is the fluorescence intensity and V and H indicate vertical and horizontal orientation instrument values, respectively (2).”
Method
Staphylococcal resistance to antimicrobial peptides of mammalian and bacterial origin
Peschel, A., & Collins, L. V. (2001) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/s0196-9781(01)00500-9 · Cited by 105
Molecular Mechanisms of Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobial Peptides in the Modern Era: An Updated Review
Tajer, L., Paillart, J., Dib, H., Sabatier, J., Fajloun, Z., & Khattar, Z. A. (2024) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms12071259 · Cited by 109
Modification of Fatty Acids in Membranes of Bacteria: Implication for an Adaptive Mechanism to the Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes
Zhu, B., Xia, X., Xia, N., Zhang, S., & Guo, X. (2014) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es404359v · Cited by 97
A Mutation in the sap Operon Attenuates Survival of Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in a Chinchilla Model of Otitis Media
Mason, K. M., Munson, R. S., & Bakaletz, L. O. (2004) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.73.1.599-608.2005 · Cited by 95
“Alternative strategies for resisting the toxicity of APs include the efflux of APs via an energy-dependent pump, alterations of the cytoplasmic membrane fluidity, or cleavage with surface-associated proteases (9, 20, 21, 42, 49, 50, 55).”
Background
Frequency and Distribution of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms within mprF in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates and Their Role in Cross-Resistance to Daptomycin and Host Defense Antimicrobial Peptides
Bayer, A. S., Mishra, N. N., Chen, L., Kreiswirth, B. N., Rubio, A., & Yang, S. (2015) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.00970-15 · Cited by 94
In vitro susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus to thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal protein-1 (tPMP-1) is influenced by cell membrane phospholipid composition and asymmetry
Mukhopadhyay, K., Whitmire, W. M., Xiong, Y. Q., Molden, J., Jones, T., Peschel, A., Neumann‐Staubitz, P., Adler‐Moore, J., McNamara, P. J., Proctor, R. A., et al. (2007) · Microbiology · doi:10.1099/mic.0.2006/003111-0 · Cited by 92
“Mammalian platelets release a cadre of cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAPs), termed platelet microbicidal proteins (PMPs), which kill many important blood-borne pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus (Bayer et al., 1998, 2000; Wu et al., 1994; Yeaman et al., 1997, 1998).”
Background
Bactericidal Activity of the Human Skin Fatty Acid cis -6-Hexadecanoic Acid on Staphylococcus aureus
Cartron, M. L., England, S. R., Chiriac, A. I., Josten, M., Turner, R. D., Rauter, Y., Hurd, A. F., Sahl, H., Jones, S., & Foster, S. J. (2014) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.01043-13 · Cited by 92
“The lower the polarization index value, the more fluid the membrane (25, 26, 27).”
Background
Defensive remodeling: How bacterial surface properties and biofilm formation promote resistance to antimicrobial peptides
Nuri‬‏, ‪., Shprung, T., & Shai, Y. (2015) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.05.022 · Cited by 89
The non‐typeable Haemophilus influenzae Sap transporter provides a mechanism of antimicrobial peptide resistance and SapD‐dependent potassium acquisition
Mason, K. M., Bruggeman, M. E., Munson, R. S., & Bakaletz, L. O. (2006) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05460.x · Cited by 82
“…altering cytoplasmic membrane fluidity, cleavage with surface associated proteases (Guo et al., 1998; Shafer et al., 1998; Peschel et al., 1999; Bayer et al., 2000; Guina et al., 2000; McCoy et al., 2001) or reducing the net negative charge of the cell envelope via surface modifications that…”
Background
Bacillus subtilis CF-3 Volatile Organic Compounds Inhibit Monilinia fructicola Growth in Peach Fruit
Zhou, M., Li, P., Wu, S., Zhao, P., & Gao, H. (2019) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.01804 · Cited by 81
“If the saturated fatty acid in the cell membrane is at a high level, it will lead to an increase in the cell membrane stiffness, causing cell rupture (Bayer et al., 2000).”
Background
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from Bacillus subtilis CF-3 reduce anthracnose and elicit active defense responses in harvested litchi fruits
Zhao, P., Li, P., Wu, S., Zhou, M., Zhi, R., & Gao, H. (2019) · AMB Express · doi:10.1186/s13568-019-0841-2 · Cited by 81
Cyclic Lipodepsipeptides: A New Class of Antibacterial Agents in the Battle Against Resistant Bacteria
Bionda, N., Pitteloud, J., & Čudić, P. (2013) · Future Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.4155/fmc.13.86 · Cited by 78
Mucosal physical and chemical innate barriers: Lessons from microbial evasion strategies
Sperandio, B., Fischer, N., & Sansonetti, P. J. (2015) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2015.03.011 · Cited by 81
Staphylococcus Aureus Evasion of Innate Antimicrobial Defense
Kraus, D., & Peschel, A. (2008) · Future Microbiology · doi:10.2217/17460913.3.4.437 · Cited by 79
Altering the Proclivity towards Daptomycin Resistance in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Using Combinations with Other Antibiotics
Berti, A. D., Wergin, J. E., Girdaukas, G. G., Hetzel, S., Sakoulas, G., & Rose, W. E. (2012) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.00502-12 · Cited by 70
“Membrane fluidity was determined spectrofluorometrically using 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) as previously described (3, 5) Overnight bacterial cultures were inoculated into fresh MHB50 medium and grown to an OD600 of 0.”
Method
Cinnamaldehyde Characterization as an Antibacterial Agent toward E. coli Metabolic Profile Using 96-Blade Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled to Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry
Mousavi, F., Bojko, B., Bessonneau, V., & Pawliszyn, J. B. (2016) · Journal of Proteome Research · doi:10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00992 · Cited by 72
Genotypic and Phenotypic Evaluation of the Evolution of High-Level Daptomycin Nonsusceptibility in Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium
Humphries, R. M., Kelesidis, T., Tewhey, R., Rose, W. E., Schork, N. J., Nizet, V., & Sakoulas, G. (2012) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.01318-12 · Cited by 68
“d The polarization index is expressed as degree of fluorescence polarization (4).”
BackgroundMethod
Antifungal Mechanism of Volatile Organic Compounds Produced by Bacillus subtilis CF-3 on Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Assessed Using Omics Technology
Wang, K., Qin, Z., Wu, S., Zhao, P., Zhen, C., & Gao, H. (2021) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00640 · Cited by 67
Inhibition of Intracellular Macromolecular Synthesis inStaphylococcus aureusby Thrombin‐Induced Platelet Microbicidal Proteins
Xiong, Y.-Q., Bayer, A. S., & Yeaman, M. R. (2002) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/338514 · Cited by 62
“Conceptually, the antimicrobial functions of mammalian platelets have recently been linked to their release of a group of small, cationic peptides termed platelet microbicidal proteins (PMPs) [1,5-17].”
Background
Additional Routes to Staphylococcus aureus Daptomycin Resistance as Revealed by Comparative Genome Sequencing, Transcriptional Profiling, and Phenotypic Studies
Song, Y., Rubio, A., Jayaswal, R. K., Silverman, J. A., & Wilkinson, B. J. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058469 · Cited by 61
Perturbations of Phosphatidate Cytidylyltransferase (CdsA) Mediate Daptomycin Resistance in Streptococcus mitis/oralis by a Novel Mechanism
Mishra, N. N., Tran, T. T., Seepersaud, R., García-de-la-Mària, C., Faull, K. F., Yoon, A., Proctor, R. A., Miró, J. M., Rybak, M. J., Bayer, A. S., et al. (2017) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.02435-16 · Cited by 58
“The protocol for DPH incorporation into target cell membranes, measurement of fluorescence polarization, and calculation of the fluorescence polarization index were described previously (38).”
BackgroundMethod
Reduced Susceptibility to Host-Defense Cationic Peptides and Daptomycin Coemerge in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus From Daptomycin-Naive Bacteremic Patients
Mishra, N. N., Bayer, A. S., Moise, P. A., Yeaman, M. R., & Sakoulas, G. (2012) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jis482 · Cited by 56
“adapt to daptomycin exposures in vivo by increasing its membrane fluidity, a key parameter previously associated with resistance to killing by tPMPs [25–27]; by substantially thickening its cell wall, a phenotype that may impede the transit”
Background
Transposon Disruption of the Complex I NADH Oxidoreductase Gene ( snoD ) in Staphylococcus aureus Is Associated with Reduced Susceptibility to the Microbicidal Activity of Thrombin-Induced Platelet Microbicidal Protein 1
Bayer, A. S., McNamara, P. J., Yeaman, M. R., Lucindo, N., Jones, T., Cheung, A. L., Sahl, H., & Proctor, R. A. (2005) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.188.1.211-222.2006 · Cited by 54
Cytoplasmic membrane polarization in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria grown in the absence and presence of tetracycline
Vincent, M., England, L. S., & Trevors, J. T. (2004) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2004.03.005 · Cited by 54
Thymol Mediates Bactericidal Activity against Staphylococcus aureus by Targeting an Aldo–Keto Reductase and Consequent Depletion of NADPH
Zhou, W., Wang, Z., Mo, H., Zhao, Y., Li, H., Zhang, H., Hu, L., & Zhou, X. (2019) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03517 · Cited by 54
Diversity in Antistaphylococcal Mechanisms among Membrane-Targeting Antimicrobial Peptides
Koo, S.-P., Bayer, A. S., & Yeaman, M. R. (2001) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.69.8.4916-4922.2001 · Cited by 52
“, small colony variants [SCVs]) or an alteration in their membrane fluidity characteristics (3, 15, 36).”
Background
Low-Level Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to Thrombin-Induced Platelet Microbicidal Protein 1 In Vitro Associated with qacA Gene Carriage Is Independent of Multidrug Efflux Pump Activity
Bayer, A. S., Kupferwasser, L. I., Brown, M. H., Skurray, R. A., Grkovic, S., Jones, T., Mukhopadhay, K., & Yeaman, M. R. (2006) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.00028-06 · Cited by 51
“aureus strains resist the microbicidal activities of tPMPs remain incompletely defined but appear to include enhanced membrane fluidity (3); reduced transmembrane potential ( ) (17), and mutations of genes involved in generating the proton motive force (PMF) (2).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Active Export Proteins Mediating Drug Resistance in Staphylococci
Hassan, K. A., Skurray, R. A., & Brown, M. H. (2007) · Microbial Physiology · doi:10.1159/000099640 · Cited by 53
“Surprisingly, the qacA resistance determinant has also been associated with low-level resistance to the host-encoded thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal protein, which appears to occur via a nonefflux-related mechanism [Bayer et al., 2000, 2006; Kupferwasser et al., 1999].”
Background
Growth and membrane polarization in Pseudomonas aeruginosa UG2 grown in randomized microgravity in a high aspect ratio vessel
England, L. S., Gorzelak, M., & Trevors, J. T. (2003) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2003.09.012 · Cited by 48
Role of the LytSR Two-Component Regulatory System in Adaptation to Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides in Staphylococcus aureus
Yang, S., Xiong, Y. Q., Yeaman, M. R., Bayles, K. W., Abdelhady, W., & Bayer, A. S. (2013) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.00412-13 · Cited by 46
Induced resistance to the antimicrobial peptide lactoferricin B in Staphylococcus aureus
Samuelsen, Ø., Haukland, H. H., Jenssen, H., Kramer, M. M., Sandvik, K., Ulvatne, H., & Vorland, L. H. (2005) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2005.05.017 · Cited by 46
“brane [12,13] would prevent the peptide from reaching its target.”
Site-Specific Mutation of the Sensor Kinase GraS in Staphylococcus aureus Alters the Adaptive Response to Distinct Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides
Cheung, A. L., Bayer, A. S., Yeaman, M. R., Xiong, Y. Q., Waring, A. J., Memmi, G., Donegan, N. P., Chaili, S., & Yang, S. (2014) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.02480-14 · Cited by 45
“troscopy using the fluorescent probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) as described before (11, 40).”
Method
Staphylococcus aureus (Including Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome)
Que, Y., & Moreillon, P. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4557-4801-3.00196-x · Cited by 45
A current opinion on the antimicrobial importance of popular pepper essential oil and its application in food industry
Myszka, K., Leja, K., & Majcher, M. A. (2018) · Journal of Essential Oil Research · doi:10.1080/10412905.2018.1511482 · Cited by 42
Roles of pyruvate dehydrogenase and branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase in branched-chain membrane fatty acid levels and associated functions in Staphylococcus aureus
Singh, V. K., Sirobhushanam, S., Ring, R. P., Singh, S., Gatto, C., & Wilkinson, B. J. (2018) · Journal of Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1099/jmm.0.000707 · Cited by 42
“aureus strain JE2 and its derivative mutants and complemented strains Membrane fluidity was determined using fluorescence polarization as previously described [38], with some modifications.”
Method
Differential Adaptive Responses of Staphylococcus aureus to In Vitro Selection with Different Antimicrobial Peptides
Shireen, T., Singh, M., Das, T., & Mukhopadhyay, K. (2013) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.00780-13 · Cited by 40
Inhibitory effect and underlying mechanism of cinnamon and clove essential oils on Botryosphaeria dothidea and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causing rots in postharvest bagging-free apple fruits
Wang, D., Wang, G., Wang, J., Zhai, H., & Xue, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1109028 · Cited by 40
Contribution of Cell Surface Hydrophobicity in the Resistance ofStaphylococcus aureusagainst Antimicrobial Agents
Lather, P., Mohanty, A. K., Jha, P. K., & Garsa, A. K. (2016) · Biochemistry Research International · doi:10.1155/2016/1091290 · Cited by 38
“aureus also acquired resistance to platelet microbial protein, a small cationic peptide that possesses potentmicrobicidal activities against common blood streampathogens [26].”
Background
The contribution of leucocytes to the antimicrobial activity of platelet-rich plasma preparations: A systematic review
D’Asta, F., Halstead, F. D., Harrison, P., Orlandini, S. Z., Moiemen, N. S., & Lord, J. M. (2017) · Platelets · doi:10.1080/09537104.2017.1317731 · Cited by 37
“different bacterial strains have dissimilar susceptibility to inhibition by platelet AMPs [38].”
BackgroundInfluential
Factors Determining Staphylococcus aureus Susceptibility to Photoantimicrobial Chemotherapy: RsbU Activity, Staphyloxanthin Level, and Membrane Fluidity
Kossakowska-Zwierucho, M., Kaźmierkiewicz, R., Bielawski, K. P., & Nakonieczna, J. (2016) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01141 · Cited by 34
Structure and Thermotropic Behavior of the Staphylococcus aureus Lipid Lysyl-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol
Danner, S., Pabst, G., Lohner, K., & Hickel, A. (2007) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1529/biophysj.107.123422 · Cited by 34
“aureus resistance to these peptides (19,21,23,31,32).”
Fatty acid composition modulates sensitivity of Legionella pneumophila to warnericin RK, an antimicrobial peptide
Verdon, J., Labanowski, J., Sahr, T., Ferreira, T., Lacombe, C., Buchrieser, C., Berjeaud, J., & Héchard, Y. (2010) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.12.011 · Cited by 33
Phenotypic and genotypic correlates of daptomycin-resistant methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates
Kang, K.-M., Mishra, N. N., Park, K. T., Lee, G. Y., Park, Y. H., Bayer, A. S., & Yang, S. (2017) · The Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s12275-017-6509-1 · Cited by 30
“The comparative CM fluidity of the three MSSA strain-pairs were determined by fluorescence polarization spectroscopy using the fluorescent probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) as described previously (Bayer et al., 2000; Mishra et al., 2009).”
Method
Effect of phosphatidylcholine bilayer thickness and molecular order on the binding of the antimicrobial peptide maculatin 1.1
Lee, T.-H., Sani, M., Overall, S. A., Separovic, F., & Aguilar, M. (2017) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.10.007 · Cited by 30
Combination Antibiotic Exposure Selectively Alters the Development of Vancomycin Intermediate Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus
Zheng, X., Berti, A. D., McCrone, S., Roch, M., Rosato, A. E., Rose, W. E., & Chen, B. (2017) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.02100-17 · Cited by 29
“The polarization index (p) was determined using the formula p (IV IH)/(IV IH), where I is the fluorescence intensity, and subscripts V and H indicate vertical and horizontal orientation instrument values, respectively (52).”
Method
Dioxin impacts on lipid metabolism of soil microbes: towards effective detection and bioassessment strategies
Mahfouz, S., Mansour, G., Murphy, D. J., & Hanano, A. (2020) · Bioresources and Bioprocessing · doi:10.1186/s40643-020-00347-1 · Cited by 29
Imaging mass spectrometry reveals complex lipid distributions across Staphylococcus aureus biofilm layers
Rivera, E. S., Weiss, A., Migas, L. G., Freiberg, J. A., Djambazova, K. V., Neumann, E. K., de Plas, R. V., Spraggins, J. M., Skaar, E. P., & Caprioli, R. M. (2022) · Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Advances in the Clinical Lab · doi:10.1016/j.jmsacl.2022.09.003 · Cited by 32
Characterization of cell membrane parameters of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus with varied susceptibility to alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone
Shireen, T., Singh, M., Dhawan, B., & Mukhopadhyay, K. (2012) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2012.05.025 · Cited by 28
Characterization of genetic changes associated with daptomycin nonsusceptibility in Staphylococcus aureus
Ma, Z., Lasek‐Nesselquist, E., Lu, J., Schneider, R. F., Shah, R., Oliva, G., Pata, J. D., McDonough, K. A., Pai, M. P., Rose, W. E., et al. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0198366 · Cited by 26
A comprehensive guide on screening and selection of a suitable AMP against biofilm-forming bacteria
Anand, A. A., Amod, A., Anwar, S., Sahoo, A. K., Sethi, G., & Samanta, S. K. (2023) · Critical Reviews in Microbiology · doi:10.1080/1040841x.2023.2293019 · Cited by 24
Nontraditional therapies to treat Helicobacter pylori infection
Makobongo, M. O., Gilbreath, J. J., & Merrell, D. S. (2014) · The Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s12275-014-3603-5 · Cited by 22
Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Related to Persistent Endovascular Infection
Li, L., Yeaman, M. R., Bayer, A. S., & Xiong, Y. Q. (2019) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics8020071 · Cited by 21
“Additionally, it is known that bacterial membrane fluidity can affect PMP susceptibility [28].”
Background
Bacterial Evasion of Host Antimicrobial Peptide Defenses
Cole, J. N., & Nizet, V. (2016) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555819286.ch15 · Cited by 21

Authors: Bayer, A. S., Prasad, R., Chandra, J., Koul, A., Smriti, M., Varma, A., Skurray, R. A., Firth, N., Brown, M. H., Koo, S.-P., & Yeaman, M. R.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Jawaharlal Nehru University (IN)
The University of Sydney (AU)
ORCID: Bayer, Arnold S.
Prasad, Rajendra
Chandra, Jyotsna
Koul, Anjni
Firth, Neville
Brown, Melissa H.
Yeaman, Michael R.
Venue: Infection and Immunity
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Published: 2000-06
Volume: 68
Issue: 6
Pages: 3548-3553
ISSN: 0019-9567 (ISSN-L)
1098-5522
DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.6.3548-3553.2000
PMC: PMC97641
OpenAlex: W2156172406
Cited by: 150
References: 52
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 14
FWCI: 3.64
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: journals.asm.org/non-commercial-tdm-license (tdm)
Locations: Infection and Immunity (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI 39108, AI-39001, R01AI039108, R29AI039001, R01AI039001)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Antimicrobial Peptides and Activities
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, antimicrobial resistance, membrane lipid composition, endocarditis, cationic antimicrobial peptides, multiresistance plasmid
MeSH terms: Amino Acids, Anti-Bacterial Agents, beta-Thromboglobulin, Biological Transport, Blood Proteins, Cell Membrane, DNA Transposable Elements, Drug Resistance, Microbial, Fatty Acids, Membrane Fluidity, Phenotype, Phospholipids, Species Specificity, Staphylococcus aureus, Mutagenesis, Insertional, Chemokines

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

In Vitro Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to Thrombin-Induced Platelet Microbicidal Protein Is Associated with Alterations in Cytoplasmic Membrane Fluidity

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks