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Evaluation of the Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra Assay for Direct Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex in Smear-Negative Extrapulmonary Samples
Open accessAbstract
complex (MTUBC) in clinical samples is essential for successful treatment. New techniques such as real-time PCR have been developed in order to facilitate rapid diagnosis, but their sensitivity is low in extrapulmonary specimens, due to the low bacillary load in such samples. A next-generation assay has recently been developed to try to overcome this limitation. The aim of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of the Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra (GX-Ultra) for the detection of MTUBC DNA in 108 smear-negative extrapulmonary specimens that were MTUBC culture positive. In addition, 40 extrapulmonary culture-negative samples and 20 samples with nontuberculous mycobacteria were tested to evaluate the specificity of the assay. All samples were collected between May 1999 and May 2017. The GX-Ultra detected DNA of MTUBC in 82 extrapulmonary specimens that were MTUBC culture positive (75.9% sensitivity; 95% confidence interval [CI], 66.6 to 83.4%). The assay was negative for all clinical specimens that were MTUBC culture negative and the samples with nontuberculous mycobacteria (100% specificity). Furthermore, two (1.8%) samples presented mutations related to rifampin resistance. The highest sensitivity was obtained in samples of lymph nodes (94.1%) and nonsterile fluids (93.7%), followed by tissue specimens (86.6%), stool material (80%), abscess aspirates (64.7%), and sterile fluids (60.5%). Pleural fluids, one of the least optimal samples for detecting DNA of MTUBC, were GX-Ultra positive in 10/21 (47.6%) of cases. In summary, GX-Ultra showed excellent specificity and high sensitivity in paubacillary specimens, making it a useful tool for rapid diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
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“In urine, Xpert Ultra sensitivity and specificity against culture were 100% (74 to 100) and 100% (74 to 100), (1 study; 24 participants, 12 (50%) with tuberculosis) (Perez‐Risco 2018); Figure 15.”
From Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and Xpert MTB/RIF assays for extrapulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in adults (2021) · cites this paper as Perez‐Risco 2018
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In the citing paper
“Perez‐Risco 2018 assessed Xpert Ultra specificity using 20 culture‐positive NTM specimens (covering a total of 18 species) and found that Xpert Ultra was negative for all specimens.”
From Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and Xpert MTB/RIF assays for extrapulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in adults (2021) · cites this paper as Perez‐Risco 2018
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In the citing paper
“In urine, Xpert Ultra sensitivity and specificity against culture were 100% (74 to 100) and 100% (74 to 100), (1 study; 24 participants, 12 (50%) with tuberculosis) (Perez‐Risco 2018); Figure 15.”
From Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and Xpert MTB/RIF assays for extrapulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in adults (2021) · cites this paper as Perez‐Risco 2018
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“In bone or joint aspirate, Xpert Ultra sensitivity and specificity against culture were 88% (47 to 100) (specificity was not estimable) (Perez‐Risco 2018), and 96% (87 to 100) and 97% (85 to 100) (Sun 2019) (2 studies; 94 participants, 60 (63.8%) with tuberculosis); Appendix 9.”
From Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and Xpert MTB/RIF assays for extrapulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in adults (2021) · cites this paper as Perez‐Risco 2018
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“In peritoneal fluid, Xpert Ultra sensitivity against culture was 33% (1 to 91) and specificity was not estimable (Perez‐Risco 2018) (1 study; 3 participants); Appendix 10.”
From Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and Xpert MTB/RIF assays for extrapulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in adults (2021) · cites this paper as Perez‐Risco 2018
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Giudice, A. D., Perna, R., Baldoni, T., Scarano, F., Rosa, A. D., Pontarelli, A., Marco, M. D., Falca, M., Tella, C. D., Atripaldi, L. G., et al. (2021) · Journal of Tuberculosis Research · doi:10.4236/jtr.2021.93021 · Cited by 4
Evaluation of Xpert MTB/RIF for the Diagnosis of Lymphatic Tuberculosis
Li, H., He, Z., Liang, J., Li, G., Xie, T., Liu, Y., Li, Z., Feng, X., Xia, Y., & Guo, X. (2020) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2020/1968487 · Cited by 4
Yield of pleural biopsy in different types of tubercular effusions
Tousheed, S. Z., Ranganatha, R., Kumar, H., Sagar, C., Manjunath, P. H., Philip, D. S., Punita, M., Hibare, K. R., Reddy, M., & Muralimohan, B. V. (2020) · Indian Journal of Tuberculosis · doi:10.1016/j.ijtb.2020.07.023 · Cited by 4
Noor, A. M., Ghazali, S. M., Bakar, Z. A., & Ruzan, I. N. (2024) · Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease · doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116230 · Cited by 4
Sensitivity and specificity of Gene Xpert Ultra in extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB)
Prakash, A. K., & Ramakrishnan, G. (2025) · Lung India · doi:10.4103/lungindia.lungindia_144_25 · Cited by 3
Alcaide, F., Trastoy, R., Moure, R., González-Bardanca, M., Ambroa, A., López, M. C., Bleriot, I., Blasco, L., Fernández-García, L., Tato, M., et al. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.00733-19 · Cited by 3
Macarena Gompertz, G., Carreño, L. E., & Rotta, L. C. G. L. (2019) · Revista de Gastroenterología de México (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.rgmxen.2018.12.004 · Cited by 3
Xpert Ultra, Pediatric Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Stool: Forward Progress Raises New Questions
Gaensbauer, J. T. (2020) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa589 · Cited by 3
Franco, M. A., Padilla, A. S., Gutiérrez‐Bautista, J. F., Martínez, A. G., Cobo, F., Fernández, J. G., Reguera, J. A., Navarro‐Marí, J. M., & Rodríguez‐Granger, J. (2025) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens14050429 · Cited by 2
Luukinen, B., Ahava, M. J., Aittoniemi, J., Miikkulainen-Lahti, T., & Pätäri‐Sampo, A. (2025) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2025.09.002 · Cited by 2
Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra innovación en el diagnóstico de la tuberculosis
Lugo, D. A. R., Castañeda, L. P. V., Apraez, J. I. L., Herazo, J. R. G., & Celis-Preciado, C. A. (2021) · Universitas Médica · doi:10.11144/javeriana.umed62-1.xper · Cited by 2
Macarena Gompertz, G., Carreño, L. E., & Rotta, L. C. G. L. (2019) · Revista de Gastroenterología de México · doi:10.1016/j.rgmx.2018.12.003 · Cited by 2
Fernández-Pittol, M., Zboromyrska, Y., Román, A., Tudó, G., Benítez, M. Á., & González-Martín, J. (2021) · Revista Española de Quimioterapia · doi:10.37201/req/074.2021 · Cited by 2
Sharma, S., Kaur, P., Aggarwal, A. N., Kaur, K., Yadav, R., Sethi, S. K., & Verma, I. (2024) · Letters in Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1093/lambio/ovae102 · Cited by 1
Matthews, M. C., Toorians, M. E. M., Davies, T. J., Stewart, R. D., Goosen, W. J., & Miller, M. A. (2025) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.01658-25 · Cited by 1
Laboratory Diagnosis of Childhood Tuberculosis: is Stool an Appropriate Sample?
Rattan, A. (2019) · ACTA SCIENTIFIC MICROBIOLOGY · doi:10.31080/asmi.2019.02.0376 · Cited by 1
Mathew, A., Bhatt, P., Ninawe, S., Patel, A., & Bahal, A. (2024) · Journal of Marine Medical Society · doi:10.4103/jmms.jmms_156_23 · Cited by 1
Cardiac tamponade revealing tuberculous pericarditis: a case report
Skalante, O., Idrissi, M. H., Cherkaoui, S., Benaissa, E., Lahlou, Y. B., & Chadli, M. (2025) · Access Microbiology · doi:10.1099/acmi.0.000983.v4 · Cited by 1
Can a Test Being Evaluated in a Study Be Itself Used as a Reference Standard?
Arora, K., Muthu, V., Aggarwal, A. N., & Agarwal, R. (2021) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1016/j.chest.2020.07.090 · Cited by 1
GeneXpert Ultra- a New Diagnostic Era for Childhood Tuberculosis
Haque, T., Hossain, D., & Islam, T. (2022) · Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences · doi:10.36347/sajb.2022.v10i11.001
Analytical Optimization of GeneXpert Ultra for Detection of Tuberculosis in CSF Samples
Campodónico, V. L., Armstrong, D. T., Olinger, G. G., Merritt, E. A., Howard, R., Lemmon, M. M., & Parrish, N. M. (2023) · Journal of Tuberculosis Research · doi:10.4236/jtr.2023.113013
Chapitre 7: La tuberculose extrapulmonaire
Barss, L., Connors, W. J. A., & Fisher, D. (2023) · Canadian Journal of Respiratory Critical Care and Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/24745332.2023.2226005
Jin, W., Qifu, C., Hong, Y., Hua, H., Li, X., Xiaomin, W., Lu, S., & Fang, M. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32462
Hueda-Zavaleta, M., de la Torre, J. C. G., Minchón-Vizconde, D., Barletta‐Carrillo, C., Corzo, C. A. C., Tapia‐Sequeiros, G., Flores, C., Piscoche, C., Miranda, C., Mendoza, A., et al. (2024) · Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease · doi:10.1177/20499361241304516
Yao, L., Chen, S., Sha, W., & Gu, Y. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22611343
Challenges in the Diagnosis of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis and Comparison of Diagnostic Methods
Güler, Ö., ALTUN, Z., Özel, S. H., Deniz, M. T., Sayan, M., & Akhan, S. (2026) · Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.30934/kusbed.1803934
Metadata
- Authors
- Perez-Risco, D., Rodriguez-Temporal, D., Valledor-Sanchez, I., & Alcaide, F.
- Affiliations
- Bellvitge University Hospital (ES)
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Microbiology
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2018-09
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 9
- ISSN
- 0095-1137 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-660X
- PMC
- PMC6113499
- OpenAlex
- W2808815524
- Cited by
- 103
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 11.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Microbiology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Mycobacterium research and diagnosis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis
- Keywords
- Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra, Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, extrapulmonary tuberculosis, nucleic acid amplification tests, sensitivity and specificity, nontuberculous mycobacteria, pleural fluid, rapid diagnosis
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Antibiotics, Antitubercular, Diagnostic Tests, Routine, Humans, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Nontuberculous Mycobacteria, Rifampin, Sensitivity and Specificity, Time Factors, Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Molecular Diagnostic Techniques
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