High Incidence but Low Burden of Coronaviruses and Preferential Associations between Respiratory Viruses
Open accessAbstract
Respiratory viruses are the leading cause of acute infections in humans. However, the burden of certain respiratory viruses, such as coronaviruses, and the relevance of viral coinfections remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the distribution and seasonal occurrences of respiratory viruses detected by multiplex molecular assay in 6,014 samples from 2008 to 2011 in a French hospital. We assessed the detection frequencies of 14 respiratory viruses and their clinical impact in immunosuppressed and nonimmunosuppressed patients. Furthermore, we explored the preferential association patterns between respiratory viruses in multiple infections. Our results indicated that human rhinovirus/enterovirus (HRV/EV) and coronavirus (HCoV) were frequently detected in respiratory samples (48.81% and 11.74% of infected samples, respectively), and the detection frequencies of these viruses were further increased in immunosuppressed patients. The most common subtypes of HCoV were HCoV-229E (33.80%) and HCoV-HKU1 (32.39%). A sharp increase in the detection frequencies of HCoV-229E and HCoV-HKU1 over several months suggested that these subtypes were epidemic in our population. In immunosuppressed patients, HCoV contributed to upper respiratory tract infections (52%). Evidence did not support lower respiratory tract infections exclusive to a unique HCoV infection. In multiply infected individuals, determined in 6.3% of samples, HRV/EV and HCoV were detected in 33.29% and 22.90% of samples, respectively. Interestingly, nearly 50% of HCoV infections were detected in association with another virus. Since the distributions of respiratory viruses in multiply infected patients were subject to preferential association patterns between viruses, we propose complex interactions between different respiratory viruses and host factors.
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Most adults have probably had multiple hCoV exposures, and after an hCoV infection people can become reinfection-susceptible within 12-18 months.
“By adulthood, most individuals are likely to have been exposed multiple times, with longitudinal studies and human challenge studies suggesting that individuals become susceptible to reinfection within 12–18 months after a previous hCoV infection74–78.”
From Prospects for durable immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention of reinfection (2021) · cites this paper as [78]
Other scenarios are plausible: vaccine protection may be brief, or it may prevent severe disease without stopping spread.
“alternative scenarios are also possible in which vaccine efficacy is either short lived or provides protection from severe disease but does not block transmission74–78.”
From Prospects for durable immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention of reinfection (2021) · cites this paper as [78]
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- Authors
- Lepiller, Q., Barth, H., Lefebvre, F., Herbrecht, R., Lutz, P., Kessler, R., Fafi-Kremer, S., & Stoll-Keller, F.
- Affiliations
- Inserm (FR)
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (FR)
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Microbiology
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2013-09
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 3039-3046
- ISSN
- 0095-1137 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-660X
- PMC
- PMC3754627
- OpenAlex
- W2090050855
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 3.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Microbiology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Respiratory viral infections research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Keywords
- respiratory viruses, coronavirus, HCoV-229E, HCoV-HKU1, viral coinfection, immunocompromised patients, upper respiratory tract infection, lower respiratory tract infection, seasonal distribution, hospitalized patients
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, France, Hospitals, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Respiratory Tract Infections, Viruses, Incidence, Immunocompromised Host, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Coinfection
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