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Identification of a Novel Astrovirus (Astrovirus VA1) Associated with an Outbreak of Acute Gastroenteritis
Open accessAbstract
The etiology of a large proportion of gastrointestinal illness is unknown. In this study, random Sanger sequencing and pyrosequencing approaches were used to analyze fecal specimens from a gastroenteritis outbreak of unknown etiology in a child care center. Multiple sequences with limited identity to known astroviruses were identified. Assembly of the sequences and subsequent reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends generated a complete genome of 6,586 nucleotides. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that this virus, named astrovirus VA1 (AstV-VA1), is highly divergent from all previously described astroviruses. Based on RT-PCR, specimens from multiple patients in this outbreak were unequivocally positive for Ast-VA1.
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“Astroviruses have a broad host range (Donato and Vijaykrishna 2017) and are frequently detected in the faeces of mammals, birds, and humans with gastroenteritis (Finkbeiner et al. 2009; De Benedictis et al. 2011).”
From Red fox viromes in urban and rural landscapes (2020) · cites this paper as Finkbeiner et al. 2009
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Research works printed but not linked: 21
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BackgroundResultInfluentialDifferential In Vitro Infection of Neural Cells by Astroviruses
Janowski, A. B., Klein, R., & Wang, D. (2019) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.01455-19 · Cited by 20
“The isolate of VA1 used in this study was derived from a stool sample from the original outbreak of VA1-associated gastroenteritis (43).”
MethodSelf-citationTokarz, R., Hyams, J. S., Mack, D. R., Boyle, B., Griffiths, A. M., LeLeiko, N. S., Sauer, C. G., Shah, S., Markowitz, J. F., Baker, S. S., et al. (2019) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1093/ibd/izz099 · Cited by 24
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“Around the year 2008, new astrovirus species such as MLB1, VA1, and VA2 were detected in the diarrhea specimens of children (18, 19, 20).”
BackgroundComplete Genome of a Novel Porcine Astrovirus
Shan, T., Wang, C., Tong, W., Zheng, H., Hua, X.-G., Yang, S., Guo, Y.-F., Zhang, W., & Tong, G. (2012) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.02598-12 · Cited by 20
“Recently, a group of novel astroviruses which were highly diverse was identified in humans and swine (3, 4, 8, 11, 14, 18).”
BackgroundHuman Astrovirus MLB Replication In Vitro: Persistence in Extraintestinal Cell Lines
Vu, D., Bosch, A., Pintó, R., Ribes, E., & Guix, S. (2019) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00557-19 · Cited by 19
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“A novel human astrovirus (Ast-VA1) strain that was associated with acute gastroenteritis outbreak was reported from USA [10] and highly divergent strains (AstV-VA2, AstVMLB2 and Ast-VA3) were reported in children from USA [16].”
BackgroundDoxey, A., Mazen, N. A., Homm, M., Chu, V., Hunjan, M., Lobb, B., Lee, S., Kurs-Lasky, M., Williams, J. V., MacDonald, W., et al. (2025) · Genome Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13073-025-01447-3 · Cited by 18
“We also reconstructed genomes of entero-virus A and B, WU polyomavirus which has been associated with respiratory infections [49], and mamastrovirus 9 which was identified in a gastroenteritis outbreak [50].”
Bami, S., Hidinger, J., Madni, A., Hargest, V., Schultz-Cherry, S., Cortez, V., Cross, S., Ward, D. A., Hayden, R., Rubnitz, J., et al. (2022) · Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · doi:10.1093/jpids/piac045 · Cited by 18
The Molecular Virology of Enteric Viruses
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BackgroundNew strategy for virus discovery: viruses identified in human feces in the last decade
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“Recently, two highly divergent members of the astrovirus family, MLB1 [76] [77] [78] and VA1 [79] , were identified and associated with human viral diarrhea.”
The neonatal Fc receptor is a cellular receptor for human astrovirus
Ingle, H., Molleston, J. M., Hall, P. D., Bui, D., Wang, L., Bhatt, K. D., Foster, L. R., Antia, A., Ding, S., Lee, S., et al. (2024) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-024-01855-y · Cited by 19
“Epidemiological reports have shown that ~90% of children are seropositive to classical HAstVs before the age of 5, and similar rates have been found for non-classical HAstVs in adults 7,8 .”
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“In addition to the “classical” HAstV strains, two genetically distinct “non-classical” HAstV clades were identified in 2009 [5,6], collectively known as Virginia/Human-mink-ovine (VA/HMO) viruses and are more genetically related to animal astroviruses than the classical HAstVs [7,8].”
BackgroundComplete Genome Sequence of a Newly Identified Porcine Astrovirus Genotype 3 Strain US-MO123
Xiao, C.-T., Halbur, P., & Opriessnig, T. (2012) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.02426-12 · Cited by 15
“Mink AstV was reported to be associated with shaking mink syndrome (2), while the human strain VA1 was associated with an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in a child care center (5) and SG was reported as a causative agent for encephalitis in a boy with agammaglobulinemia (8).”
BackgroundHigh Seropositivity Rate of Neutralizing Antibodies to Astrovirus VA1 in Human Populations
Janowski, A. B., Owen, M. C., Dudley, H. M., López, T., Espinosa, R., Elvin-Lewis, M. P. F., Colichón, A., Arias, C. F., Burbelo, P. D., & Wang, D. (2021) · mSphere · doi:10.1128/msphere.00484-21 · Cited by 17
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“…identified from human specimens through molecular assays and metagenomic sequencing, including mamastrovirus 6, 8, and 9 (Finkbeiner et al., 2008; Finkbeiner et al., 2009; Finkbeiner et al., 2009; Finkbeiner, Kirkwood, & Wang, 2008; Jiang et al., 2013; Kapoor et al., 2009; Meyer et al., 2015;…”
BackgroundSelf-citationIdentification of a second encephalitis-associated astrovirus in cattle
Seuberlich, T., Wüthrich, D., Selimovic-Hamza, S., Drögemüller, C., Oevermann, A., Bruggmann, R., & Bouzalas, I. (2016) · Emerging Microbes &Infections · doi:10.1038/emi.2017.56 · Cited by 13
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Lee, S., Jang, G., & Lee, C. (2015) · Archives of Virology · doi:10.1007/s00705-015-2436-9 · Cited by 13
da Silva, M. F., Victoria, M., & Miagostovich, M. (2019) · Water and Sanitation for the 21st Century: Health and Microbiological Aspects of Excreta and Wastewater Management (Global Water Pathogen Project) · doi:10.14321/waterpathogens.18 · Cited by 13
“A consensus set of primers designed for a conserved region located in the ORF-1b can detect both classic and novel HAstV strains (Finkbeiner et al., 2009a, 2009b).”
BackgroundSatapathy, P., Khan, K., Devi, A. T., Patil, A. G., Govindaraju, A. M., Gopal, S., Prasad, M. N. N., More, V. S., Kakarla, R. R., Raghu, A. V., et al. (2019) · Methods in microbiology · doi:10.1016/bs.mim.2019.02.001 · Cited by 17
Prevalence of Astroviruses in Different Animal Species in Poland
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“Human astroviruses are most commonly associated with diarrhea and gastrointestinal symptoms in the elderly and immunocompromised people and are the second most common cause of gastroenteritis in young children, after rotavirus [4,5].”
BackgroundNijhuis, R., Sidorov, I., Chung, P., Wessels, E., Gulyaeva, A., de Vries, J. D., Claas, E., & Gorbalenya, A. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Virology · doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2018.09.007 · Cited by 12
Detection and genetic characterization of Mamastrovirus 5 from Brazilian dogs
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“As emerging HAstVs since 2008 (Finkbeiner et al. 2008, 2009), HAstV-MLB and HAstV-VA/ HMO infections in children have been reported in some regions (Kapoor et al. 2009; Jiang et al. 2013; Wang et al. 2013).”
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Immunogenicity and Efficacy Evaluation of Subunit Astrovirus Vaccines
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“Recent advanced sequence analyses have also identified two novel groups of highly divergent AstVs, named MLB (Melbourne) and VA/HMO (Virginia/Human-Mink-Ovine-like) in human individuals with diarrhea [44,45].”
BackgroundIdentification of a Novel Astrovirus in Pinnipeds
Zhang, P.-J., Su, H.-X., Peng, R., Chan, J., Bai, S., Wang, G., Huang, Y., Hu, X., Luo, J., Liu, S.-S., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.845601 · Cited by 10
“Mamastrovirus 8 (MAstV8) and Mamastrovirus 9 (MastV9) include the human astrovirus clades Virginia 2 and 4 (VA2, 4) and Virginia 1 and 3 (VA1, 3) (Finkbeiner et al., 2009), respectively.”
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“Different combinations of lineages/sublineages of the antigenic proteins VP7 and VP4 of rotavirus G1P[8] and continuous introduction of new variations into the polymerase and the capsid genes of norovirus GII.4 are believed to allow these viruses to escape immunity induced by previous waves of circulation of these maj…”
InfluentialExamination of a plasmid‐based reverse genetics system for human astrovirus
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“application of NGS to stool samples from an unexplained outbreak of gastroenteritis in a Virginia day care center lead to the discovery of a novel astrovirus, Astrovirus VA1, that was present in multiple samples from the outbreak (10).”
Self-citationAstrovirus-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition via activated TGF-β increases viral replication
Hargest, V., Bub, T., Neale, G. A. M., & Schultz‐Cherry, S. (2022) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1009716 · Cited by 7
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“Recently, human astroviruses found in fecal samples from cases of acute gastroenteritis in children were shown to be genetically related to the mink and ovine astroviruses [25,26,27].”
BackgroundAstrovirus Infections in Animal Mammalian Species
Cattoli, G., Chu, D. K., & Peiris, M. (2012) · Astrovirus Research · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4735-1_8 · Cited by 8
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Mouse and human immune responses share neutralization epitopes of HAstV-VA1
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Picornavirus etiology of acute infections among hospitalized infants☆
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“Samples that were negative for EV and PeV were tested for other viruses using pan-viral family and genus PCR assays for the following viruses: alphaviruses, astroviruses, bornaviruses, bunyaviruses, coronaviruses, flaviruses, influenza viruses, paramyxoviruses, rhabdoviruses, adenoviruses, anelloviruses, and herpesvir…”
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“330 Astroviruses are single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses from the family Astroviridae, that 331 can cause diarrhoea and gastroenteritis in infected hosts [42, 43].”
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MethodAstrovirus MLB2 Viremia in Febrile Child
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Self-citationMolecular Epidemiology of Astroviruses
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[First detection of human astrovirus in gastroenteritis outbreak in Hungary].
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“…of the Mamastrovirus genus of the Astroviridae family, shares genetic similarities with the distinct strain (VA1) of human astrovirus (HAstV), which was identified during an outbreak of acute gas-troenteritis in 2009 [47] and has been implicated in fatal central nervous system disease [52, 53].”
Identification of viral protease-dependent cleavage sites within the human astrovirus polyprotein
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“…using HiFi Assembly (NEB) of five overlapping amplified fragments: pBR322 vector (Promega), T7 promoter followed by nucleotides 1–4,739 of HAstV1, a dual reporter protein (2A-NanoLuc-GFPzeo) in frame to the first 387 nucleotides of ORF2, and nucleotides 6,501–6,722 of HAstV1 with a polyA 16 .”
Exploring the Astrovirome of Shellfish Matrices Using Nanopore Sequencing
Beikpour, F., Pellegrini, F., Lanave, G., Camero, M., Catella, C., Martino, B. D., Profio, F. D., Masotti, C., Battistini, R., Serracca, L., et al. (2023) · Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.3390/vetsci10030175 · Cited by 3
Production of polyclonal antibody to a recombinant non-structural protein Nsp1a of human astrovirus.
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MethodSelf-citationViral Agents of Gastroenteritis
Parra, G. I., & Green, K. (2016) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555818722.ch66 · Cited by 3
Variable Selection to Improve Classification of Metagenomes
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The novel human astrovirus VA1 requires the proteasome during cell entry
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“HAstV-VA1 was originally isolated from the faeces of children, with only one isolate successfully adapted to cell culture [6, 7].”
Janowski, A. B., Jiang, H.-B., Fujii, C., Owen, M. C., Bricker, T., Darling, T. L., Harastani, H., Seehra, K., Tahan, S., Jung, A., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.04.30.486882 · Cited by 2
Self-citationTao, Y., Paden, C., Queen, K., Zhang, J., Tyagi, E., & Tong, S. (2020) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.06.10.145052 · Cited by 2
Self-citationZhao, W., Tao, X.-L., Liu, N.-Q., Lu, H., Zheng, C.-H., Li, X.-Y., Yu, M., & Li, Y.-G. (2019) · Journal of General Virology · doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001231 · Cited by 2
Self-citationRetractedMicrobial Genomics and Pathogen Discovery
Spinler, J., Hemarajata, P., & Versalovic, J. (2015) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555817381.ch16 · Cited by 2
Finkbeiner, S. R., & Holtz, L. R. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4735-1_7
Self-citationA 3-year-old girl with vomiting and diarrhea.
Pierce, V. M., & Hodinka, R. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Virology · doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2012.03.010 · Cited by 2
Fritzinger, A., Walters, C., Kelly, S., & Toney, D. (2011) · doi:10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2011.01.003 · Cited by 2
Self-citationHuman enteric viruses shape disease phenotype through divergent innate immunomodulationPreprint
Adiliaghdam, F., Amatullah, H., Digumarthi, S., Saunders, T. L., Rahman, R., Wong, L., Sadreyev, R. I., Droit, L., Paquette, J., Goyette, P., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.10.14.464404 · Cited by 1
“The human intestinal virome is established at birth and is dominated by bacteriophages, while eukaryotic viruses gradually emerge after birth, as measured in feces that contains ~109 virus like particles 30 (VLPs) per gram (2, 6).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialZhang, F.-F., Chase-Topping, M., Guo, C.-G., & Woolhouse, M. (2021) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.09.13.460031 · Cited by 1
First report of human astrovirus MLB1 in a child from Mid‐West Brazil
Caetano, A., Barbosa, G., Dábilla, N., Franco, F. C., Fiaccadori, F. S., & Souza, M. (2021) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.26907 · Cited by 1
“%) was positive for MLB. Positivity rates for novel HAstV are generally low (mean frequency of 1.5%), varying from 0.2% to 10.6% in patients with AGE.”
BackgroundInfluentialRed fox viromes across an urban-rural gradientPreprint
Campbell, S. J., Ashley, W., Gil-Fernández, M., Newsome, T., Giallonardo, F. D., Ortiz-Baez, A., Mahar, J., Towerton, A. L., Gillings, M., Holmes, E., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.06.15.153858 · Cited by 1
“Astroviruses have a broad host range (52) and 301 are frequently detected in the faeces of mammals, birds and humans with gastroenteritis (53, 54).”
BackgroundMolecular characterisation of emerging pathogens of unexplained infectious disease syndromes
Li, X., Lau, S., & Woo, P. C. Y. (2019) · Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics · doi:10.1080/14737159.2019.1651200 · Cited by 1
Astroviruses-Emerging Neurotropic Pathogens.
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Self-citationMemories in the snow: immune memory, persistent infection and chronic disease
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“…as the potential pathogen underlying the outbreak; astrovirus family members are known to cause diarrhoea, but this member was previously unknown (Finkbeiner et al, 2009). a conceptually similar approach to characterizing the combinations of chronic infections comprising viromes will be an…”
BackgroundDNA Sequencing for Clinical and Public Health Virology: Some Assembly Required
Bartkus, J. (2016) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555819156.ch15 · Cited by 1
Human astroviruses: molecular virology
Lentz, A., López, T., Ykema, M. R., Tao, Y. J., DuBois, R. M., & Arias, C. (2026) · Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews · doi:10.1128/mmbr.00255-25
“Since 2008, metagenomic and molecular surveillance has led to the discovery of so-called non-classical, non-canonical, or divergent astroviruses in human feces (2–6).”
Kumthip, K., Yodmeeklin, A., Khamrin, P., Wadeesukkasem, S., Longum, T., Jampanil, N., Ukarapol, N., Sansaard, N., Promping, C., Ushijima, H., et al. (2025) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.70707
“Surveillance data for the novel MLB and VA astroviruses remain limited, as these viruses were first identified in 2008 and 2009, respectively [5, 6].”
Astroviruses and celiac disease: a preliminary study into potential environmental triggers
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Astrovirus Disrupts Intestinal Barrier Function by Activating Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
Hargest, V., Neale, G., & Schultz-Cherry, S. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.06.17.448809
Novel human astroviruses (HAstVs) identified recently
Liu, M.-Q. (2014) · doi:10.5897/ajmr2014.6739
“Both AstV-MLB and HMOAstV/AstV-VA were most closely related to ovine and mink astroviruses (Finkbeiner et al., 2009a; Kapoor et al., 2009), Xiao et al. (2011) also found AstV-VA1/2/3 were detected from bat species.”
BackgroundInfluentialEmerging Trend of Astroviruses, Enteric Adenoviruses, and Rotaviruses in Human Viral Gastroenteritis
Cowley, D., Donato, C., & Kirkwood, C. (2013) · doi:10.1002/9781118297469.ch27
Schröder, K. (2012) · doi:10.14279/depositonce-3262
“92 Während die real-time PCR auf die Detektion erwarteter Pathogene beschränkt ist, können mit Hilfe des NGS auch bekannte, aber unerwartete, sowie neue Infektionserreger identifiziert werden (45, 94), da alle in einer Probe vorhandenen Nukleinsäuren detektiert werden.”
BackgroundAstroviruses as causative agents of gastroenteritis
Palombo, E. (2012) · Microbiology Australia · doi:10.1071/ma12077
Microbial Genomics and Pathogen Discovery
Gaynor, A. M., & Wang, D. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555816728.ch14
Self-citationDetection and diagnosis of new pathogens
Sloots, T. (2010) · doi:10.1071/ma10124
Metadata
- Authors
- Finkbeiner, S. R., Li, Y., Ruone, S., Conrardy, C., Gregoricus, N., Toney, D., Virgin, H. W., Anderson, L. J., Vinjé, J., Wang, D., & Tong, S.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Commonwealth of Virginia (US)
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
- Corresponding author
- Wang, David
- Tong, Suxiang
- Venue
- Journal of Virology
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2009-10-15
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 20
- Pages
- 10836-10839
- ISSN
- 0022-538X (ISSN-L)
- 1098-5514
- PMC
- PMC2753140
- OpenAlex
- W2117058366
- Cited by
- 224
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 15.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Virology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Burroughs Wellcome Fund
- National Institutes of Health (AI057160)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U54AI057160)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Viral gastroenteritis research and epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Respiratory viral infections research
- Keywords
- astrovirus, acute gastroenteritis, gastroenteritis outbreak, daycare centers, viral etiology, viral genome, phylogenetic analysis, fecal samples, RNA viruses
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Animals, Mamastrovirus, Child Day Care Centers, Child, Preschool, Disease Outbreaks, Feces, Female, Gastroenteritis, Genotype, Humans, Infant, Male, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Species Specificity, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Astroviridae Infections
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