Sensing of RNA viruses: a review of innate immune receptors involved in recognizing RNA virus invasion
Open accessAbstract
Our knowledge regarding the contribution of the innate immune system in recognizing and subsequently initiating a host response to an invasion of RNA virus has been rapidly growing over the last decade. Descriptions of the receptors involved and the molecular mechanisms they employ to sense viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns have emerged in great detail. This review presents an overview of our current knowledge regarding the receptors used to detect RNA virus invasion, the molecular structures these receptors sense, and the involved downstream signaling pathways.
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repRNA vaccines mimic an alphavirus infection by triggering viral-sensing stress factors and activating innate pathways through Toll-like receptors and RIG-I to produce interferons, pro-inflammatory factors and chemotaxis of antigen-presenting cells, as well as promoting antigen cross-priming.
“repRNA vaccines mimic an alphavirus infection in that viral-sensing stress factors are triggered and innate pathways are activated through Toll-like receptors and retinoic acid inducible gene (RIG)-I to produce interferons, pro-inflammatory factors and chemotaxis of antigen-presenting cells, as well as promoting antigen cross-priming (28).”
From An <i>Alphavirus</i> -derived replicon RNA vaccine induces SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody and T cell responses in mice and nonhuman primates (2020) · cites this paper as [28]
saRNA vaccines have shortcomings including the risk of excessive activation of the inflammatory response, and the production of viral nsP produced by the alphavirus replicon that may interfere with normal signal transduction in target host cells.
“saRNA vaccines have nonetheless certain shortcomings, including the risk of excessive activation of the inflammatory response, and the production of viral nsP produced by the alphavirus replicon that may interfere with normal signal transduction in target host cells.214,215”
From Advances in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine development (2022) · cites this paper as [215]
saRNA vaccines are inherently self-adjuvanting, as their replicase activity leads to dsRNA and replicon intermediates during transcription that mimic a viral infection.
“saRNA vaccines are inherently self-adjuvanting, as their replicase activity leads to dsRNA and replicon intermediates during transcription mimic a viral infection.”
From COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: Platforms and current developments (2022) · cites this paper as [155]
The self-adjuvanting effect of saRNA triggers a broader immune response, which is considered to have potential to be effective with a single-dose inoculation.
“This triggers a broader immune response, which was also considered to have potential to be effective with a single-dose inoculation.155,156”
From COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: Platforms and current developments (2022) · cites this paper as [155]
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References 145 · Cited by 604
- Authors
- Jensen, S., & Thomsen, A. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Venue
- Journal of Virology
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2012-03-15
- Volume
- 86
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 2900-2910
- ISSN
- 0022-538X (ISSN-L)
- 1098-5514
- PMC
- PMC3302314
- OpenAlex
- W2122562716
- Cited by
- 604
- References
- 145
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 91 · 2020: 93 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 2.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Virology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › interferon and immune responses
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Invertebrate Immune Response Mechanisms
- Keywords
- RNA viruses, innate immunity, pattern recognition receptors, pathogen-associated molecular patterns, viral sensing, downstream signaling pathways, host antiviral response
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Receptors, Immunologic, RNA Virus Infections, RNA Viruses
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