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The Small Molecule GMX1778 Is a Potent Inhibitor of NAD + Biosynthesis: Strategy for Enhanced Therapy in Nicotinic Acid Phosphoribosyltransferase 1-Deficient Tumors
Open accessAbstract
GMX1777 is a prodrug of the small molecule GMX1778, currently in phase I clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. We describe findings indicating that GMX1778 is a potent and specific inhibitor of the NAD(+) biosynthesis enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT). Cancer cells have a very high rate of NAD(+) turnover, which makes NAD(+) modulation an attractive target for anticancer therapy. Selective inhibition by GMX1778 of NAMPT blocks the production of NAD(+) and results in tumor cell death. Furthermore, GMX1778 is phosphoribosylated by NAMPT, which increases its cellular retention. The cytotoxicity of GMX1778 can be bypassed with exogenous nicotinic acid (NA), which permits NAD(+) repletion via NA phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (NAPRT1). The cytotoxicity of GMX1778 in cells with NAPRT1 deficiency, however, cannot be rescued by NA. Analyses of NAPRT1 mRNA and protein levels in cell lines and primary tumor tissue indicate that high frequencies of glioblastomas, neuroblastomas, and sarcomas are deficient in NAPRT1 and not susceptible to rescue with NA. As a result, the therapeutic index of GMX1777 can be widended in the treatment animals bearing NAPRT1-deficient tumors by coadministration with NA. This provides the rationale for a novel therapeutic approach for the use of GMX1777 in the treatment of human cancers.
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“Small-molecules targeting NAMPT can be effective anti-tumor agents in vitro and in xenograft cancer models (Nahimana et al., 2009; Tan et al., 2015b; Watson et al., 2009).”
From Targeting Metabolism for Cancer Therapy (2017) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 2009
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Metadata
- Authors
- Watson, M., Roulston, A., Bélec, L., Billot, X., Marcellus, R., Bédard, D., Bernier, C., Branchaud, S., Chan, H., Dairi, K., Gilbert, K., Goulet, D., Gratton, M.-O., Isakau, H., Jang, A., Khadir, A., Koch, E., Lavoie, M., Lawless, M., Nguyen, M., Paquette, D., Turcotte, E., Berger, A., Mitchell, M., Shore, G. C., & Beauparlant, P.
- Affiliations
- Inimex Pharmaceuticals (Canada) (CA)
- Gemin X Pharmaceuticals Canada Inc., Montréal
- McGill University (CA)
- Metabolon (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Watson, Mark
- ORCID
- Venue
- Molecular and Cellular Biology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2009-11
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 21
- Pages
- 5872-5888
- ISSN
- 0270-7306 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-5549
- PMC
- PMC2772749
- OpenAlex
- W2119700304
- Cited by
- 229
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 8.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Molecular and Cellular Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Sirtuins and Resveratrol in Medicine
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Biochemical and Molecular Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › PARP inhibition in cancer therapy
- Keywords
- visfatin, nicotinic acid, prodrugs, cancer cell death, glioblastoma, neuroblastoma, sarcoma, cancer therapy
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cyanides, Guanidines, Humans, Models, Biological, Models, Molecular, NAD, Neoplasms, Niacin, Phosphorylation, Ribose, Substrate Specificity, Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, Cell Death, Drug Resistance, Neoplasm, Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays, Cell Line, Tumor, Mice, Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase
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