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Mapping the Tree of Life: Progress and Prospects
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The intent of this article is to provide a critical assessment of our current understanding of life's phylogenetic diversity. Phylogenetic comparison of gene sequences is a natural way to identify microorganisms and can also be used to infer the course of evolution. Three decades of molecular phylogenetic studies with various molecular markers have provided the outlines of a universal tree of life (ToL), the three-domain pattern of archaea, bacteria, and eucarya. The sequence-based perspective on microbial identification additionally opened the way to the identification of environmental microbes without the requirement for culture, particularly through analysis of rRNA gene sequences. Environmental rRNA sequences, which now far outnumber those from cultivars, expand our knowledge of the extent of microbial diversity and contribute increasingly heavily to the emerging ToL. Although the three-domain structure of the ToL is established, the deep phylogenetic structure of each of the domains remains murky and sometimes controversial. Obstacles to accurate inference of deep phylogenetic relationships are both systematic, in molecular phylogenetic calculations, and practical, due to a paucity of sequence representation for many groups of organisms.
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“The slow evolution of the ssu rRNA gene makes it an excellent choice when comparing diverse species but less useful at differentiating close relatives (Pace, 2009).”
From The Astrobiology Primer v2.0 (2016) · cites this paper as Pace, 2009
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Metadata
- Authors
- Pace, N. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pace, Norman R.
- ORCID
- Pace, Norman R.
- Venue
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2009-12
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 565-576
- ISSN
- 1092-2172 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-5557
- PMC
- PMC2786576
- OpenAlex
- W2139469924
- Cited by
- 286
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 1.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Protist diversity and phylogeny
- Keywords
- tree of life, phylogenetic diversity, three-domain system, archaea, bacteria, Eukarya, rRNA gene sequences, environmental microorganisms, unculturable microorganisms, microbial identification, deep phylogenetic relationships, molecular phylogeny, microbial diversity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Archaea, Bacteria, Humans, Phylogeny, RNA, Ribosomal, Genetic Variation, Genome, Biodiversity, Eukaryota
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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