CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 16Escherichia coli research studiesBacterial Genetics and BiotechnologySalmonella and Campylobacter epidemiology

Fatty Acids Abolish Shigella Virulence by Inhibiting Its Master Regulator, VirF

Open access
Trirocco, Rita, Pasqua, Martina, Tramonti, Angela, Grossi, Milena, Colonna, Bianca, Paiardini, Alessandro, Prosseda, Gianni·2023·Microbiology Spectrum
DOI 10.1128/spectrum.00778-23PMC PMC10269687
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

In the absence of a valid vaccine, the main therapeutic approach currently used to treat shigellosis is based on the use of antibiotics. The emergence of antibiotic resistance jeopardizes the future effectiveness of this approach.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1128/spectrum.00778-23

Cites

1 of 1 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • For S. dysenteriae, fatty acids, including lauric acid, interact with certain proteins to abolish their transcription and promotion activities.

    “Specifically for S. dysenteriae, fatty acids, including lauric acid, interact with certain proteins to abolish their transcription and promotion activities (Trirocco et al. 2023).”

    From Ethnomedicine, improved traditional medicine from Cocos nucifera water and evaluation of antibacterial activity on four bacterial strains in Center, Cameroon (2024) · cites this paper as Trirocco et al. 2023

    The Discussion reports that lauric acid and other fatty acids bind VirF and limit its interaction with the virB promoter. However, the Results identify the tested bacterium as S. flexneri M90T; the paper does not establish this effect specifically in S. dysenteriae. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 68

  1. [1]The HC, Thanh DP, Holt KE, Thomson NR, Baker S. 2016. The genomic signatures of Shigella evolution, adaptation and geographical spread. Nat Rev Microbiol 14: 235– 250. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.10. 26923111 · DOI
  2. [2]Killackey SA, Sorbara MT, Girardin SE. 2016. Cellular aspects of Shigella pathogenesis: focus on the manipulation of host cell processes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 6: 38. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00038. 27066460 PMC4814626 · DOI
  3. [3]Mattock E, Blocker AJ. 2017. How do the virulence factors of Shigella work together to cause disease? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 7: 64. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00064. 28393050 PMC5364150 · DOI
  4. [4]Pasqua M, Michelacci V, di Martino ML, Tozzoli R, Grossi M, Colonna B, Morabito S, Prosseda G. 2017. The intriguing evolutionary journey of enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) toward pathogenicity. Front Microbiol 8: 2390. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02390. 29259590 PMC5723341 · DOI
  5. [5]Phalipon A, Sansonetti PJ. 2007. Shigella’s ways of manipulating the host intestinal innate and adaptive immune system: a tool box for survival? Immunol Cell Biol 85: 119– 129. doi: 10.1038/sj.icb7100025. 17213832 · DOI
  6. [6]Sansonetti PJ. 1988. Molecular basis of invasion of eucaryotic cells by Shigella. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 54: 389– 393. doi: 10.1007/BF00461856. 3060008 · DOI
  7. [7]Parsot C. 2005. Shigella spp. and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli pathogenicity factors. FEMS Microbiol Lett 252: 11– 18. doi: 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.08.046. 16182469 · DOI
  8. [8]Beloin C, McKenna S, Dorman CJ. 2002. Molecular dissection of VirB, a key regulator of the virulence cascade of Shigella flexneri. J Biol Chem 277: 15333– 15344. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111429200. 11850420 · DOI
  9. [9]Mavris M, Page AL, Tournebize R, Demers B, Sansonetti P, Parsot C. 2002. Regulation of transcription by the activity of the Shigella flexneri type III secretion apparatus. Mol Microbiol 43: 1543– 1553. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.02836.x. 11971264 · DOI
  10. [10]Bernardini ML, Mounier J, d'Hauteville H, Coquis-Rondon M, Sansonetti PJ. 1989. Identification of icsA, a plasmid locus of Shigella flexneri that governs bacterial intra- and intercellular spread through interaction with F-actin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 3867– 3871. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.10.3867. 2542950 PMC287242 · DOI
  11. [11]Scribano D, Petrucca A, Pompili M, Ambrosi C, Bruni E, Zagaglia C, Prosseda G, Nencioni L, Casalino M, Polticelli F, Nicoletti M. 2014. Polar localization of PhoN2, a periplasmic virulence-associated factor of Shigella flexneri, is required for proper IcsA exposition at the old bacterial pole. PLoS One 9: e90230. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090230. 24587292 PMC3937361 · DOI
  12. [12]Kim DW, Lenzen G, Page AL, Legrain P, Sansonetti PJ, Parsot C. 2005. The Shigella flexneri effector OspG interferes with innate immune responses by targeting ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 14046– 14051. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0504466102. 16162672 PMC1236552 · DOI
  13. [13]Ashida H, Mimuro H, Sasakawa C. 2015. Shigella manipulates host immune responses by delivering effector proteins with specific roles. Front Immunol 6: 219. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00219. 25999954 PMC4423471 · DOI
  14. [14]Di Martino ML, Romilly C, Wagner EGH, Colonna B, Prosseda G. 2016. One gene and two proteins: a leaderless mRNA supports the translation of a shorter form of the Shigella VirF regulator. mBio 7: e01860-16. doi: 10.1128/mBio.01860-16. 27834204 PMC5101355 · DOI
  15. [15]Di Martino ML, Falconi M, Micheli G, Colonna B, Prosseda G. 2016. The multifaceted activity of the VirF regulatory protein in the Shigella lifestyle. Front Mol Biosci 3: 61. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2016.00061. 27747215 PMC5041530 · DOI
  16. [16]Prosseda G, Falconi M, Nicoletti M, Casalino M, Micheli G, Colonna B. 2002. Histone-like proteins and the Shigella invasivity regulon. Res Microbiol 153: 461– 468. doi: 10.1016/s0923-2508(02)01346-3. 12405354 · DOI
  17. [17]Falconi M, Colonna B, Prosseda G, Micheli G, Gualerzi CO. 1998. Thermoregulation of Shigella and Escherichia coli EIEC pathogenicity. A temperature-dependent structural transition of DNA modulates accessibility of virF promoter to transcriptional repressor H-NS. EMBO J 17: 7033– 7043. doi: 10.1093/emboj/17.23.7033. 9843508 PMC1171051 · DOI
  18. [18]Falconi M, Prosseda G, Giangrossi M, Beghetto E, Colonna B. 2001. Involvement of FIS in the H-NS-mediated regulation of virF gene of Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol 42: 439– 452. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02646.x. 11703666 · DOI
  19. [19]Prosseda G, Falconi M, Giangrossi M, Gualerzi CO, Micheli G, Colonna B. 2004. The virF promoter in Shigella: more than just a curved DNA stretch. Mol Microbiol 51: 523– 537. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03848.x. 14756791 · DOI
  20. [20]Li W, Jiang L, Liu X, Guo R, Ma S, Wang J, Ma S, Li S, Li H. 2021. YhjC is a novel transcriptional regulator required for Shigella flexneri virulence. Virulence 12: 1661– 1671. doi: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1936767. 34152261 PMC8218686 · DOI
  21. [21]Skovajsová E, Colonna B, Prosseda G, Sellin ME, di Martino ML. 2022. The VirF21:VirF30 protein ratio is affected by temperature and impacts Shigella flexneri host cell invasion. FEMS Microbiol Lett 369: fnac043. doi: 10.1093/femsle/fnac043. 35521699 PMC9217107 · DOI
  22. [22]Gallegos MT, Schleif R, Bairoch A, Hofmann K, Ramos JL. 1997. Arac/XylS family of transcriptional regulators. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 61: 393– 410. doi: 10.1128/mmbr.61.4.393-410.1997. 9409145 PMC232617 · DOI
  23. [23]Egan SM. 2002. Growing repertoire of AraC/XylS activators. J Bacteriol 184: 5529– 5532. doi: 10.1128/JB.184.20.5529-5532.2002. 12270809 PMC139625 · DOI
  24. [24]Ibarra JA, Pérez-Rueda E, Segovia L, Puente JL. 2008. The DNA-binding domain as a functional indicator: the case of the AraC/XylS family of transcription factors. Genetica 133: 65– 76. doi: 10.1007/s10709-007-9185-y. 17712603 · DOI
  25. [25]Perez-Rueda E, Hernandez-Guerrero R, Martinez-Nuñez MA, Armenta-Medina D, Sanchez I, Ibarra JA. 2018. Abundance, diversity and domain architecture variability in prokaryotic DNA-binding transcription factors. PLoS One 13: e0195332. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195332. 29614096 PMC5882156 · DOI
  26. [26]Cortés-Avalos D, Martínez-Pérez N, Ortiz-Moncada MA, Juárez-González A, Baños-Vargas AA, Estrada-de Los Santos P, Pérez-Rueda E, Ibarra JA. 2021. An update of the unceasingly growing and diverse AraC/XylS family of transcriptional activators. FEMS Microbiol Rev 45: 1– 13. doi: 10.1093/femsre/fuab020. 33837749 · DOI
  27. [27]Bodero MD, Harden EA, Munson GP. 2008. Transcriptional regulation of subclass 5b fimbriae. BMC Microbiol 8: 180. doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-8-180. 18854044 PMC2579436 · DOI
  28. [28]Lowden MJ, Skorupski K, Pellegrini M, Chiorazzo MG, Taylor RK, Kull FJ. 2010. Structure of Vibrio cholerae ToxT reveals a mechanism for fatty acid regulation of virulence genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107: 2860– 2865. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0915021107. 20133655 PMC2840316 · DOI
  29. [29]Plecha SC, Withey JH. 2015. Mechanism for inhibition of Vibrio cholerae ToxT activity by the unsaturated fatty acid components of bile. J Bacteriol 197: 1716– 1725. doi: 10.1128/JB.02409-14. 25733618 PMC4402388 · DOI
  30. [30]Childers BM, Cao X, Weber GG, Demeler B, Hart PJ, Klose KE. 2011. N-terminal residues of the Vibrio cholerae virulence regulatory protein ToxT involved in dimerization and modulation by fatty acids. J Biol Chem 286: 28644– 28655. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.258780. 21673111 PMC3151105 · DOI
  31. [31]Midgett CR, Talbot KM, Day JL, Munson GP, Kull FJ. 2021. Structure of the master regulator Rns reveals an inhibitor of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli virulence regulons. Sci Rep 11: 15663. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-95123-2. 34341412 PMC8329261 · DOI
  32. [32]Cruite JT, Kovacikova G, Clark KA, Woodbrey AK, Skorupski K, Kull FJ. 2019. Structural basis for virulence regulation in Vibrio cholerae by unsaturated fatty acid components of bile. Commun Biol 2: 440. doi: 10.1038/s42003-019-0686-x. 31815195 PMC6882843 · DOI
  33. [33]Chowdhury R, Bitar PDP, Keresztes I, Condo AM, Altier C. 2021. A diffusible signal factor of the intestine dictates Salmonella invasion through its direct control of the virulence activator HilD. PLoS Pathog 17: e1009357. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009357. 33617591 PMC7932555 · DOI
  34. [34]Mitchell MK, Ellermann M. 2022. Long chain fatty acids and virulence repression in intestinal bacterial pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 12: 928503. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.928503. 35782143 PMC9247172 · DOI
  35. [35]Karney MMA, McKenna JA, Weatherspoon-Griffin N, Karabachev AD, Millar ME, Potocek EA, Wing HJ. 2019. Investigating the DNA-binding site for VirB, a key transcriptional regulator of Shigella virulence genes, using an in vivo binding tool. Genes (Basel) 10: 149. doi: 10.3390/genes10020149. 30781432 PMC6410309 · DOI
  36. [36]Tobe T, Yoshikawa M, Mizuno T, Sasakawa C. 1993. Transcriptional control of the invasion regulatory gene virB of Shigella flexneri: activation by virF and repression by H-NS. J Bacteriol 175: 6142– 6149. doi: 10.1128/jb.175.19.6142-6149.1993. 7691791 PMC206708 · DOI
  37. [37]Ragazzone NJ, Dow GT, Garcia GA. 2022. Elucidation of key interactions between VirF and the virB promoter in Shigella flexneri using E. coli MarA- and GadX-based homology models and in vitro analysis of the DNA-binding domains of VirF and MarA. J Bacteriol 204: e0014322. doi: 10.1128/jb.00143-22. 36040161 PMC9487632 · DOI
  38. [38]Felleisen R, Zimmermann V, Gottstein B, Müller N. 1996. Use of a 96-well format for the affinity purification of maltose-binding protein (MBP) fusion proteins. Biotechniques 20: 616– 620. 8800681
  39. [39]Bahrani FK, Sansonetti PJ, Parsot C. 1997. Secretion of Ipa proteins by Shigella flexneri: inducer molecules and kinetics of activation. Infect Immun 65: 4005– 4010. doi: 10.1128/iai.65.10.4005-4010.1997. 9316999 PMC175575 · DOI
  40. [40]de Carvalho CCCR, Caramujo MJ. 2018. The various roles of fatty acids. Molecules 23: 2583. doi: 10.3390/molecules23102583. 30304860 PMC6222795 · DOI
  41. [41]Desbois AP, Smith VJ. 2010. Antibacterial free fatty acids: activities, mechanisms of action and biotechnological potential. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 85: 1629– 1642. doi: 10.1007/s00253-009-2355-3. 19956944 · DOI
  42. [42]Kumar P, Lee JH, Beyenal H, Lee J. 2020. Fatty acids as antibiofilm and antivirulence agents. Trends Microbiol 28: 753– 768. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.03.014. 32359781 · DOI · Paper page
  43. [43]Murzyn A, Krasowska A, Stefanowicz P, Dziadkowiec D, Łukaszewicz M. 2010. Capric acid secreted by S. boulardii inhibits C. albicans filamentous growth, adhesion and biofilm formation. PLoS One 5: e12050. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012050. 20706577 PMC2919387 · DOI
  44. [44]Nicol M, Alexandre S, Luizet JB, Skogman M, Jouenne T, Salcedo SP, Dé E. 2018. Unsaturated fatty acids affect quorum sensing communication system and inhibit motility and biofilm formation of Acinetobacter baumannii. Int J Mol Sci 19: 214. doi: 10.3390/ijms19010214. 29320462 PMC5796163 · DOI
  45. [45]Teper D, Zhang Y, Wang N. 2019. TfmR, a novel TetR-family transcriptional regulator, modulates the virulence of Xanthomonas citri in response to fatty acids. Mol Plant Pathol 20: 701– 715. doi: 10.1111/mpp.12786. 30919570 PMC6637906 · DOI
  46. [46]Golubeva YA, Ellermeier JR, Chubiz JEC, Slauch JM. 2016. Intestinal long-chain fatty acids act as a direct signal to modulate expression of the Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 type III secretion system. mBio 7: e02170-15. doi: 10.1128/mBio.02170-15. 26884427 PMC4752608 · DOI
  47. [47]Black PN, DiRusso CC. 2003. Transmembrane movement of exogenous long-chain fatty acids: proteins, enzymes, and vectorial esterification. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 67: 454– 472, table of contents. doi: 10.1128/MMBR.67.3.454-472.2003. 12966144 PMC193871 · DOI
  48. [48]Pavoncello V, Barras F, Bouveret E. 2022. Degradation of exogenous fatty acids in Escherichia coli. Biomolecules 12: 1019. doi: 10.3390/biom12081019. 35892328 PMC9329746 · DOI
  49. [49]Ogawa M, Yoshimori T, Suzuki T, Sagara H, Mizushima N, Sasakawa C. 2005. Escape of intracellular Shigella from autophagy. Science 307: 727– 731. doi: 10.1126/science.1106036. 15576571 · DOI
  50. [50]van Berge Henegouwen GP, van der Werf SDJ, Ruben AT. 1987. Fatty acid composition of phospholipids in bile in man: promoting effect of deoxycholate on arachidonate. Clin Chim Acta 165: 27– 37. doi: 10.1016/0009-8981(87)90215-4. 3111757 · DOI
  51. [51]Kotloff KL, Riddle MS, Platts-Mills JA, Pavlinac P, Zaidi AKM. 2018. Shigellosis. Lancet 391: 801– 812. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33296-8. 29254859 · DOI
  52. [52]Baker S, The HC. 2018. Recent insights into Shigella: a major contributor to the global diarrhoeal disease burden. Curr Opin Infect Dis 31: 449– 454. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000475. 30048255 PMC6143181 · DOI
  53. [53]Williams PCM, Berkley JA. 2018. Guidelines for the treatment of dysentery (shigellosis): a systematic review of the evidence. Paediatr Int Child Health 38: S50– S65. doi: 10.1080/20469047.2017.1409454. 29790845 PMC6021764 · DOI
  54. [54]Puzari M, Sharma M, Chetia P. 2018. Emergence of antibiotic resistant Shigella species: a matter of concern. J Infect Public Health 11: 451– 454. doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2017.09.025. 29066021 · DOI
  55. [55]Sakai T, Sasakawa C, Yoshikawa M. 1988. Expression of four virulence antigens of Shigella flexneri is positively regulated at the transcriptional level by the 30 kilodalton virF protein. Mol Microbiol 2: 589– 597. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1988.tb00067.x. 3141742 · DOI
  56. [56]Emanuele AA, Garcia GA. 2015. Mechanism of action and initial, in vitro SAR of an inhibitor of the Shigella flexneri virulence regulator VirF. PLoS One 10: e0137410. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137410. 26352269 PMC4564171 · DOI
  57. [57]Koppolu V, Osaka I, Skredenske JM, Kettle B, Hefty PS, Li J, Egan SM. 2013. Small-molecule inhibitor of the Shigella flexneri master virulence regulator VirF. Infect Immun 81: 4220– 4231. doi: 10.1128/IAI.00919-13. 24002059 PMC3811841 · DOI
  58. [58]Woodbrey AK, Onyango EO, Pellegrini M, Kovacikova G, Taylor RK, Gribble GW, Jon Kull F. 2017. A new class of inhibitors of the AraC family virulence regulator Vibrio cholerae ToxT. Sci Rep 7: 45011. doi: 10.1038/srep45011. 28332578 PMC5362913 · DOI
  59. [59]Woodbrey AK, Onyango EO, Kovacikova G, Kull FJ, Gribble GW. 2018. A modified ToxT inhibitor reduces Vibrio cholerae virulence in vivo. Biochemistry 57: 5609– 5615. doi: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00667. 30160100 PMC6528795 · DOI
  60. [60]Markham LE, Tolbert JD, Kull FJ, Midgett CR, Micalizio GC. 2021. An enantiodefined conformationally constrained fatty acid mimetic and potent inhibitor of ToxT. ACS Med Chem Lett 12: 1493– 1497. doi: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00378. 34531958 PMC8436414 · DOI
  61. [62]Thomsen R, Christensen MH. 2006. MolDock: a new technique for high-accuracy molecular docking. J Med Chem 49: 3315– 3321. doi: 10.1021/jm051197e. 16722650 · DOI
  62. [63]Morris GM, Huey R, Olson AJ. 2008. Using AutoDock for ligand-receptor docking. Curr Protoc Bioinformatics Chapter 8: Unit 8.14. doi: 10.1002/0471250953.bi0814s24. 19085980 · DOI
  63. [64]Pasqua M, Grossi M, Scinicariello S, Aussel L, Barras F, Colonna B, Prosseda G. 2019. The MFS efflux pump EmrKY contributes to the survival of Shigella within macrophages. Sci Rep 9: 2906. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-39749-3. 30814604 PMC6393483 · DOI
  64. [65]Datsenko KA, Wanner BL. 2000. One-step inactivation of chromosomal genes in Escherichia coli K-12 using PCR products. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 6640– 6645. doi: 10.1073/pnas.120163297. 10829079 PMC18686 · DOI
  65. [66]Fanelli G, Pasqua M, Colonna B, Prosseda G, Grossi M. 2020. Expression profile of multidrug resistance efflux pumps during intracellular life of adherent-invasive Escherichia coli strain LF82. Front Microbiol 11: 1935. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01935. 33013734 PMC7462009 · DOI
  66. [67]Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. 2001. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-delta delta C(T)) method. Methods 25: 402– 408. doi: 10.1006/meth.2001.1262. 11846609 · DOI · Paper page
  67. [68]Pasqua M, Zennaro A, Trirocco R, Fanelli G, Micheli G, Grossi M, Colonna B, Prosseda G. 2021. Modulation of OMV production by the lysis module of the DLP12 defective prophage of Escherichia coli K12. Microorganisms 9: 369– 314. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9020369. 33673345 PMC7918800 · DOI
  68. [69]Leuzzi A, Grossi M, di Martino ML, Pasqua M, Micheli G, Colonna B, Prosseda G. 2017. Role of the SRRz/Rz1 lambdoid lysis cassette in the pathoadaptive evolution of Shigella. Int J Med Microbiol 307: 268– 275. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.03.002. 28389211 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Trirocco, R., Pasqua, M., Tramonti, A., Grossi, M., Colonna, B., Paiardini, A., & Prosseda, G.
Affiliations
  • Istituto Pasteur (IT)
  • Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IT)
  • Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
Corresponding author
Prosseda, Gianni
ORCID
Venue
Microbiology Spectrum
Publisher
American Society for Microbiology
Published
2023-06-15
Volume
11
Issue
3
Pages
e0077823-e0077823
ISSN
2165-0497 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1128/spectrum.00778-23
PMC
PMC10269687
OpenAlex
W4368358421
Cited by
16
References
1
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3
FWCI
2.97
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Microbiology Spectrum (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca (2017-20177J5Y3P)
  • Sapienza Università di Roma
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Escherichia coli research studies
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiology
Keywords
Shigella, fatty acids, virF, virulence regulation, shigellosis, antibiotic resistance, bacterial virulence inhibition, Shigella flexneri
MeSH terms
Bacterial Proteins, Dysentery, Bacillary, Fatty Acids, Humans, Shigella, Shigella flexneri, Viral Proteins, Virulence, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial, Virulence Factors, Interferon Regulatory Factors, Molecular Docking Simulation

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review