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Secular change in the Precambrian silica cycle: Insights from chert petrology
Abstract
Research Article| July 01, 2005 Secular change in the Precambrian silica cycle: Insights from chert petrology Robert G. Maliva; Robert G. Maliva 1Camp Dresser and McKee, Inc., 9311 College Parkway, Suite 1, Fort Myers, Florida 33919, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Andrew H. Knoll; Andrew H. Knoll 2Botanical Museum, Harvard University, 24 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Bruce M. Simonson Bruce M. Simonson 3Department of Geology, Oberlin College, 52 West Lorain Street, Oberlin, Ohio 44074, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information Robert G. Maliva 1Camp Dresser and McKee, Inc., 9311 College Parkway, Suite 1, Fort Myers, Florida 33919, USA Andrew H. Knoll 2Botanical Museum, Harvard University, 24 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA Bruce M. Simonson 3Department of Geology, Oberlin College, 52 West Lorain Street, Oberlin, Ohio 44074, USA Publisher: Geological Society of America Received: 05 Jan 2004 Revision Received: 03 Sep 2004 Accepted: 03 Jan 2005 First Online: 02 Mar 2017 Online ISSN: 1943-2674 Print ISSN: 0016-7606 Geological Society of America GSA Bulletin (2005) 117 (7-8): 835–845. https://doi.org/10.1130/B25555.1 Article history Received: 05 Jan 2004 Revision Received: 03 Sep 2004 Accepted: 03 Jan 2005 First Online: 02 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Permissions Search Site Citation Robert G. Maliva, Andrew H. Knoll, Bruce M. Simonson; Secular change in the Precambrian silica cycle: Insights from chert petrology. GSA Bulletin 2005;; 117 (7-8): 835–845. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/B25555.1 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGSA Bulletin Search Advanced Search Abstract Chert deposits preserve a record of secular change in the oceanic silica cycle. The evolutionary radiation of silica-secreting organisms resulted in a transition from abiological silica deposition, characteristic of the Archean and Proterozoic eons, to the predominantly biologically controlled silica deposition of the Phanerozoic. Comparative petrography of Phanerozoic and Precambrian cherts indicates that an earlier change in chert deposition occurred toward the end of the Paleoproterozoic era (ca. 1.8 Ga). In Neoproterozoic and Mesoproterozoic strata, early diagenetic chertification is largely restricted to peritidal environments. These early diagenetic cherts typically occur as nodules or discontinuous beds within carbonate deposits that have similar depositional textures. The cherts formed primarily by carbonate replacement with subsidiary direct silica precipitation. Some of the Paleoproterozoic cherts associated with iron formations, however, are distinctly different from younger cherts and appear to have formed largely by direct silica precipitation at or just below the seabed. These primary cherts lack ghosts or inclusions of carbonate precursors, have fine-scale grain fracturing (possibly from syneresis), exhibit low grain-packing densities, and are not associated with unsilicified carbonate deposits of similar depositional composition. Cherts in some Paleoproterozoic iron formations (e.g., the Gunflint Formation, northwestern Lake Superior region) are composed of silica types similar to those in Phanerozoic sinters (e.g., the Devonian Rhynie and Windyfield cherts, Scotland). Such cherts may provide evidence that basinal, and perhaps global, oceanic silica concentrations were higher during the Paleoproterozoic era than at later times. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.
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“Similar to Fe(II), the Archaean ocean had significantly elevated concentrations of dissolved silica, at least as high as at saturation with cristobalite (0.67 mM at 40 o C in seawater), between 0.5 and 1.5 mM for Fe(III)-Si gels, depending on the Fe/Si ratio, or as high as 2.20 mM for amorphous silica (Siever, 1992; Maliva et al., 2005; Konhauser et al., 2007a; Zheng et al., 2016).”
From Iron formations: A global record of Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic environmental history (2017) · cites this paper as Maliva et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“Silica concentrations in Precambrian seawater are estimated to have been high (~1 to 2 mM), assuming control by the solubility of amorphous silica and sorption to silicate minerals (Maliva et al., 2005)”
From Iron formations: A global record of Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic environmental history (2017) · cites this paper as Maliva et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“Abiogenic cherts are predominantly formed in the Precambrian due to high marine silica concentrations in the absence of a biological sink (Siever, 1992;Maliva et al., 2005).”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Maliva et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“In addition, the appearance of silica biomineralization (e.g. hexactinellid sponges and radiolarian rhizopods; Bengtson, 2004) is predicted to have reduced oceanic silica concentrations (Perry & Lefticariu, 2003; Maliva et al., 2005).”
From Remarkable preservation of microbial mats in Neoproterozoic siliciclastic settings: Implications for Ediacaran taphonomic models (2009) · cites this paper as Maliva et al., 2005
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“Consistent with this expectation, early diagenetic chert in Neoproterozoic carbonate successions, largely from peritidal or possibly mildly evaporitic environments, provides evidence for local pore water enrichment in SiO2(aq) on shallow water platforms (Maliva et al., 2005).”
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“At the time of BIF deposition, the oceans were anoxic and rich in both dissolved Fe(II) (0.05–0.5 mM; Holland, 1973; Morris, 1993) and silica (2.20 mM; Maliva et al., 2005).”
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“Studies that have sought to place quantitative constraints on the composition of the earliest oceans point to ferruginous waters (Holland, 1984) that were siliceous (Maliva et al., 2005), possibly mildly sulfidic (Saito et al.”
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“It has also been suggested that the Archean ocean had significantly elevated concentrations of dissolved silica, at least as high as at saturation with cristobalite (0 67 mM at 40°C in sea water), and possibly even amorphous silica (2 20 mM) (Maliva et al., 2005; Konhauser et al., 2007a).”
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“In the absence of silicifying organisms, Precambrian oceans were proposed to be 379 poised at amorphous silica saturation (120-140 ppm or =-2.7; Maliva et al., 2005; Siever, 380 1992), which would promote authigenic Fe-silicate mineralisation, as observed in the rock record (e.g., 381 Beukes and…”
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“…preservation in sinters are still uncertain, although early and rapid silicification is a key feature of biosignature preservation in both sinters and many fossil-iferous Precambrian rocks ( e.g. , Knoll, 1985; Trewin, 1996; Maliva et al. , 2005; Campbell et al. , 2015; Westall et al. , 2015).”
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“These cherts formed primarily by carbonate replacement with subsidiary primary silica precipitation 42 (Maliva et al., 2005).”
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Marin‐Carbonne, J., Chaussidon, M., & Robert, F. (2009) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2009.09.016 · Cited by 100
Pelagic Sedimentation in Modern and Ancient Oceans
Hüneke, H., & Henrich, R. (2010) · Developments in sedimentology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53000-4.00004-4 · Cited by 95
Li, Y., Konhauser, K. O., Cole, D. R., & Phelps, T. J. (2011) · Geology · doi:10.1130/g32003.1 · Cited by 90
Enhanced cellular preservation by clay minerals in 1 billion-year-old lakes
Wacey, D., Saunders, M., Roberts, M. P., Menon, S. K., Green, L., Kong, C., Culwick, T., Strother, P. K., & Brasier, M. D. (2014) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep05841 · Cited by 85
Delvigne, C., Cardinal, D., Hofmann, A., & André, L. (2012) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2012.07.035 · Cited by 87
“In the case of BIF, such amorphous silica precipitation might have occurred directly from seawater or through Si adsorption onto Fe-oxyhydroxides forming a siliceous ferric oxyhydroxide precursor (Maliva et al., 2005; Fischer and Knoll, 2009).”
BackgroundPERCAK‐DENNETT, E. M., BEARD, B. L., XU, H., KONISHI, H., JOHNSON, C. M., & RODEN, E. E. (2011) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1472-4669.2011.00277.x · Cited by 83
“In addition, seawater in the Proterozoic and Archaean was probably saturated with respect to amorphous silica (Siever, 1992; Maliva et al., 2005) because of the lack of silica-secreting organisms in the Precambrian.”
BackgroundZheng, X.-Y., Beard, B. L., Reddy, T. R., Roden, E. E., & Johnson, C. M. (2016) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2016.05.012 · Cited by 81
Pumice as a Remarkable Substrate for the Origin of Life
Brasier, M. D., Matthewman, R., McMahon, S., & Wacey, D. (2011) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2010.0546 · Cited by 86
“This contrast may be explained by higher levels of dissolved silica in the early oceans, owing to the absence of silica-secreting eukaryotes such as sponges, ra-diolarians, and diatoms, and by stronger fluxes from hydrothermal systems and continental weathering (Maliva et al., 2005).”
Formation and Geochemistry of Precambrian Cherts
Perry, E. C., & Lefticariu, L. (2004) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-08-043751-6/07138-3 · Cited by 85
Hickman‐Lewis, K., Cavalazzi, B., Foucher, F., & Westall, F. (2018) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2018.04.007 · Cited by 82
Dong, L., Shen, B., Lee, C. A., Shu, X.-J., Peng, Y., Sun, Y., Tang, Z., Rong, H., Lang, X., Ma, H., et al. (2015) · Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems · doi:10.1002/2014gc005595 · Cited by 75
Quantifying the Cenozoic marine diatom deposition history: links to the C and Si cycles
Renaudie, J. (2016) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-13-6003-2016 · Cited by 76
“Although abiotic removal of silica from the ocean is thought to have dominated until the late Cambrian (Maliva et al., 2005), since then, the oceanic silica cycle output has been almost exclusively biologically controlled (Maliva et al., 1989): prior to the Cretaceous, it seems to have been dominated by sponge spicule…”
BackgroundLow‐Fe(III) Greenalite Was a Primary Mineral From Neoarchean Oceans
Johnson, J. E., Muhling, J. R., Cosmidis, J., Rasmussen, B., & Templeton, A. S. (2018) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1002/2017gl076311 · Cited by 77
“Previous work has established that silica levels were significantly higher in the Archean oceans (Maliva et al., 2005; Siever, 1992) and observations of primary authigenic silica granules in Archean cherts (Stefurak et al.”
BackgroundRamseyer, K., Amthor, J. E., Matter, A., Pettke, T., Wille, M., & Fallick, A. E. (2012) · Marine and Petroleum Geology · doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2012.08.006 · Cited by 74
Drummond, J. B. R., Pufahl, P. K., Porto, C. G., & Carvalho, M. (2015) · Sedimentology · doi:10.1111/sed.12214 · Cited by 75
“The sharp upper and diffuse lower contacts of horizons suggest that silica-saturated sea water percolated down through the sediment to precipitate opal-A (Zentmyer et al., 2011) that through later diagenesis was converted to chert (Maliva et al., 2005; Pufahl, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialBlack smokers and density currents: A uniformitarian model for the genesis of banded iron-formations
Lascelles, D. F. (2006) · Ore Geology Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2006.11.005 · Cited by 75
Earliest microbially mediated pyrite oxidation in ~3.4 billion-year-old sediments
Wacey, D., Saunders, M., Brasier, M. D., & Kilburn, M. R. (2010) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.11.025 · Cited by 75
Questioning the evidence of organic compounds called sponge biomarkers
Antcliffe, J. B. (2013) · Palaeontology · doi:10.1111/pala.12030 · Cited by 72
Hiatt, E. E., Pufahl, P. K., & Edwards, C. T. (2015) · Sedimentary Geology · doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2015.01.006 · Cited by 71
Wu, W., Swanner, E. D., Hao, L., Zeitvogel, F., Obst, M., Pan, Y., & Kappler, A. A. (2014) · FEMS Microbiology Ecology · doi:10.1111/1574-6941.12315 · Cited by 72
Dissolved silica-catalyzed disordered dolomite precipitation
Fang, Y., & Xu, H. (2022) · American Mineralogist · doi:10.2138/am-2021-7474 · Cited by 69
Trower, E. J., Fischer, W. W., & Lowe, D. R. (2014) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2014.11.014 · Cited by 69
Rouillard, J., Garcı́a-Ruiz, J. M., Gong, J., & van Zuilen, M. A. (2018) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/gbi.12278 · Cited by 69
Products of the iron cycle on the early Earth
Tosca, N. J., Jiang, C. Z., Rasmussen, B., & Muhling, J. R. (2019) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.05.005 · Cited by 71
“This style of precipitation is fundamentally distinct from younger siliceous sediments [20,29,30].”
BackgroundEickhoff, M., Obst, M., Schröder, C., Hitchcock, A. P., Tyliszczak, T., Martinez, R. E., Robbins, L. J., Konhauser, K. O., & Kappler, A. (2014) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2014.05.021 · Cited by 64
“This theory was challenged by experiments considering elevated Si concentrations (2.2 mM; Maliva et al., 2005), consistent with the lack of a biological Si removal in early oceans, that showed that Si would have out-competed phosphate for”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe Ediacaran-Cambrian rise of siliceous sponges and development of modern oceanic ecosystems
Chang, S., Zhang, L., Clausen, S., Bottjer, D. J., & Feng, Q. (2019) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2019.105438 · Cited by 69
The formation conditions of the early Ediacaran cherts, South China
Wen, H., Fan, H., Tian, S., Wang, Q., & Hu, R. (2016) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.03.005 · Cited by 65
Shen, B., Ma, H., Ye, H., Lang, X., Pei, H., Zhou, C., Zhang, S., & Yang, R. (2018) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2018.03.007 · Cited by 66
Silicification and Si cycling in a silica-rich ocean during the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition
Gao, P., Li, S., Lash, G. G., He, Z., Xiao, X., Zhang, D., & Hao, Y. (2020) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.119787 · Cited by 63
Zhou, X., Chen, D., Qing, H., Qian, Y., & Wang, D. (2014) · International Geology Review · doi:10.1080/00206814.2014.968885 · Cited by 65
“…origin of primary silica precipitation is caused generally by evaporative processes as a principal role in concentrating and depositing silica (Maliva et al. 2005), or evaporite dissolution that would reduce the solubility of amorphous silica in brinefilled seawater (Ramseyer et al. 2013).”
BackgroundUV radiation limited the expansion of cyanobacteria in early marine photic environments
Mloszewska, A. M., Cole, D. B., Planavsky, N. J., Kappler, A. A., Whitford, D. S., Owttrim, G. W., & Konhauser, K. O. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05520-x · Cited by 64
Microbial diversity and biosignatures of amorphous silica deposits in orthoquartzite caves
Sauro, F., Cappelletti, M., Ghezzi, D., Columbu, A., Hong, P., Zowawi, H. M., Carbone, C., Piccini, L., Vergara, F., Zannoni, D., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-35532-y · Cited by 63
Stable Fe isotope fractionations produced by aqueous Fe(II)-hematite surface interactions
Wu, L., Beard, B. L., Roden, E., Kennedy, C., & Johnson, C. M. (2010) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2010.04.060 · Cited by 62
Wu, L., Beard, B. L., Roden, E., & Johnson, C. M. (2009) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2009.06.026 · Cited by 61
“We examined the effects of dissolved ions using Si, because one of the most dramatic contrasts in seawater chemistry between the Precambrian and Phanerozoic lies in dissolved Si, where Si in the Precambrian oceans may have reached saturated conditions, prior to evolution of Si- secreting organisms in the Phanerozoic (…”
BackgroundInfluentialEvolutionary synchrony of Earth’s biosphere and sedimentary-stratigraphic record
Davies, N. S., Shillito, A. P., Slater, B. J., Liu, A., & McMahon, W. J. (2019) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102979 · Cited by 65
Primary silica granules—A new mode of Paleoarchean sedimentation
Trower, E. J., Lowe, D. R., Zentner, D., & Fischer, W. W. (2014) · Geology · doi:10.1130/g35187.1 · Cited by 60
“They lack relict textures that would indicate diagenetic transformation or replacement of primary carbonate (Maliva et al., 2005) or volcanic (DiMarco and Lowe, 1989) grains.”
BackgroundSchuler, C. G., Havig, J. R., & Hamilton, T. L. (2017) · Frontiers in Earth Science · doi:10.3389/feart.2017.00097 · Cited by 60
“Ancient oceans are thought to have been near saturation with respect to silica (Maliva et al., 2005), and the best preservation of filaments, mats, and stromatolites is correlated with early silicification (e.g., Oehler and Schopf, 1971; Hofmann, 1975; Knoll, 1985; Southgate, 1986; Konhauser et…”
BackgroundTriple oxygen isotopes of cherts through time
Sengupta, S., Peters, S., Reitner, J., Duda, J., & Pack, A. (2020) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.119789 · Cited by 57
A seawater throttle on H 2 production in Precambrian serpentinizing systems
Tutolo, B. M., Seyfried, W. E., & Tosca, N. J. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1921042117 · Cited by 64
Marine phosphate availability and the chemical origins of life on Earth
Brady, M. P., Tostevin, R., & Tosca, N. J. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-32815-x · Cited by 59
Rouchon, V., & Orberger, B. (2008) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2008.06.003 · Cited by 61
Subaqueous calderas in the Archean Abitibi greenstone belt: An overview and new ideas
Mueller, W. U., Stix, J., Corcoran, P. L., & Daigneault, R. (2009) · Ore Geology Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2008.12.003 · Cited by 57
Bower, D. M., Steele, A., Fries, M. D., & Kater, L. (2012) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2012.0865 · Cited by 59
“The bedded cherts in the Gunflint Formation are considered to be either primary or diagenetic precipitates that replaced the original stromatolitic carbonate (Winter and Knauth, 1992; Maliva et al., 2005).”
Hendry, K., Marron, A. O., Vincent, F., Conley, D. J., Gehlen, M., Ibarbalz, F. M., Quéguiner, B., & Bowler, C. (2018) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00022 · Cited by 61
“…demonstrates that at the time that the eukaryote supergroups were originating and diversifying (Parfrey et al., 2011) oceanic silicic acid concentrations were high enough to allow autopolymerization into silica (Iler, 1979; Maliva et al., 1989, 2005; Siever, 1992; Grenne and Slack, 2003).”
BackgroundChombong, N. N., & Suh, C. E. (2013) · Episodes · doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2013/v36i1/007 · Cited by 56
Brasier, M. D., Antcliffe, J. B., & Callow, R. H. T. (2010) · Topics in Geobiology · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-8643-3_15 · Cited by 54
Trower, E. J., & Fischer, W. W. (2019) · Sedimentary Geology · doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2019.02.008 · Cited by 52
Archean coastal-plain paleosols and life on land
Retallack, G. J., Krinsley, D., Fischer, R., Razink, J. J., & Langworthy, K. A. (2016) · Gondwana Research · doi:10.1016/j.gr.2016.08.003 · Cited by 51
“The playa chert model for silicification is appealing for many fossiliferous Precambrian intertidal cherts (Maliva et al., 2005), and is especially plausible for beds of the Farrel Quartzite with evaporite pseudomorphs (Sugitani et al., 2003).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Maliva, R. G., Knoll, A. H., & Simonson, B. M.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Oberlin College (US)
- Venue
- Geological Society of America Bulletin
- Publisher
- Geological Society of America
- Published
- 2005
- Volume
- 117
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 835
- ISSN
- 0016-7606 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2167003868
- Cited by
- 377
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 4.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Geological Society of America Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
- Keywords
- silica cycling, Precambrian, chert, silica solubility, paleoceanography, paleochemistry, Precambrian tectonics, Precambrian volcanism, Precambrian sedimentation, Precambrian atmosphere
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