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Secular change in the Precambrian silica cycle: Insights from chert petrology
Abstract
Research Article| July 01, 2005 Secular change in the Precambrian silica cycle: Insights from chert petrology Robert G. Maliva; Robert G. Maliva 1Camp Dresser and McKee, Inc., 9311 College Parkway, Suite 1, Fort Myers, Florida 33919, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Andrew H. Knoll; Andrew H. Knoll 2Botanical Museum, Harvard University, 24 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Bruce M. Simonson Bruce M. Simonson 3Department of Geology, Oberlin College, 52 West Lorain Street, Oberlin, Ohio 44074, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information Robert G. Maliva 1Camp Dresser and McKee, Inc., 9311 College Parkway, Suite 1, Fort Myers, Florida 33919, USA Andrew H. Knoll 2Botanical Museum, Harvard University, 24 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA Bruce M. Simonson 3Department of Geology, Oberlin College, 52 West Lorain Street, Oberlin, Ohio 44074, USA Publisher: Geological Society of America Received: 05 Jan 2004 Revision Received: 03 Sep 2004 Accepted: 03 Jan 2005 First Online: 02 Mar 2017 Online ISSN: 1943-2674 Print ISSN: 0016-7606 Geological Society of America GSA Bulletin (2005) 117 (7-8): 835–845. https://doi.org/10.1130/B25555.1 Article history Received: 05 Jan 2004 Revision Received: 03 Sep 2004 Accepted: 03 Jan 2005 First Online: 02 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Permissions Search Site Citation Robert G. Maliva, Andrew H. Knoll, Bruce M. Simonson; Secular change in the Precambrian silica cycle: Insights from chert petrology. GSA Bulletin 2005;; 117 (7-8): 835–845. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/B25555.1 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGSA Bulletin Search Advanced Search Abstract Chert deposits preserve a record of secular change in the oceanic silica cycle. The evolutionary radiation of silica-secreting organisms resulted in a transition from abiological silica deposition, characteristic of the Archean and Proterozoic eons, to the predominantly biologically controlled silica deposition of the Phanerozoic. Comparative petrography of Phanerozoic and Precambrian cherts indicates that an earlier change in chert deposition occurred toward the end of the Paleoproterozoic era (ca. 1.8 Ga). In Neoproterozoic and Mesoproterozoic strata, early diagenetic chertification is largely restricted to peritidal environments. These early diagenetic cherts typically occur as nodules or discontinuous beds within carbonate deposits that have similar depositional textures. The cherts formed primarily by carbonate replacement with subsidiary direct silica precipitation. Some of the Paleoproterozoic cherts associated with iron formations, however, are distinctly different from younger cherts and appear to have formed largely by direct silica precipitation at or just below the seabed. These primary cherts lack ghosts or inclusions of carbonate precursors, have fine-scale grain fracturing (possibly from syneresis), exhibit low grain-packing densities, and are not associated with unsilicified carbonate deposits of similar depositional composition. Cherts in some Paleoproterozoic iron formations (e.g., the Gunflint Formation, northwestern Lake Superior region) are composed of silica types similar to those in Phanerozoic sinters (e.g., the Devonian Rhynie and Windyfield cherts, Scotland). Such cherts may provide evidence that basinal, and perhaps global, oceanic silica concentrations were higher during the Paleoproterozoic era than at later times. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.
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“Similar to Fe(II), the Archaean ocean had significantly elevated concentrations of dissolved silica, at least as high as at saturation with cristobalite (0.67 mM at 40 o C in seawater), between 0.5 and 1.5 mM for Fe(III)-Si gels, depending on the Fe/Si ratio, or as high as 2.20 mM for amorphous silica (Siever, 1992; Maliva et al., 2005; Konhauser et al., 2007a; Zheng et al., 2016).”
From Iron formations: A global record of Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic environmental history (2017) · cites this paper as Maliva et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“Silica concentrations in Precambrian seawater are estimated to have been high (~1 to 2 mM), assuming control by the solubility of amorphous silica and sorption to silicate minerals (Maliva et al., 2005)”
From Iron formations: A global record of Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic environmental history (2017) · cites this paper as Maliva et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“Abiogenic cherts are predominantly formed in the Precambrian due to high marine silica concentrations in the absence of a biological sink (Siever, 1992;Maliva et al., 2005).”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Maliva et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“In addition, the appearance of silica biomineralization (e.g. hexactinellid sponges and radiolarian rhizopods; Bengtson, 2004) is predicted to have reduced oceanic silica concentrations (Perry & Lefticariu, 2003; Maliva et al., 2005).”
From Remarkable preservation of microbial mats in Neoproterozoic siliciclastic settings: Implications for Ediacaran taphonomic models (2009) · cites this paper as Maliva et al., 2005
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Evidence for Low Dissolved Silica in mid-Mesozoic Oceans
Yager, J. A., West, A. J., Trower, E. J., Fischer, W. W., Ritterbush, K. A., Rosas, S., Bottjer, D. J., Celestian, A. J., Berelson, W. M., & Corsetti, F. A. (2025) · American Journal of Science · doi:10.2475/001c.122691 · Cited by 8
Brengman, L. A., Fedo, C. M., Whitehouse, M. J., Jabeen, I., & Banerjee, N. R. (2021) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2021.120300 · Cited by 5
Li, J., Chen, L., Hao, C., Zhang, J., Chen, S., & Gui, H. (2021) · Journal of Mountain Science · doi:10.1007/s11629-020-5982-x · Cited by 5
“Volcanic hydrothermal source mainly refers to the siliceous hydrothermal fluid produced by volcanic eruption, which is often deposited on the seabed (Maliva et al. 2005; Perry and Lefticariu 2007).”
Backgroundde Uribe‐Zorita, M., Álvarez‐Lloret, P., Ramajo, B., Reynes, J. F., & Marcos, C. (2025) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma18133077 · Cited by 4
“Although typically uniform in texture and mineralogy, chert exhibits a variety of colors and often contains microfossils, including diatoms, radiolarians, and sponge spicules [3,4].”
Closset, I., Baronas, J., Torricella, F., de Tombeur, F., Liguori, B. T. P., Petrucciani, A., Bryan, N., López‐Acosta, M., Churakova, Y., Thielecke, A. U., et al. (2025) · Ocean science · doi:10.5194/os-21-3427-2025 · Cited by 9
Ye, Y., Zhang, L., Chen, C., Chang, S., Yi, Y., & Feng, Q. (2025) · Science China Earth Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11430-024-1468-9 · Cited by 5
“However, except for some banded iron formations and sili-cified igneous rocks, Precambrian cherts mostly exist as bands or nodules in carbonates (Maliva et al., 2005), instead of continuous cherty deposits that would be expected under persistent high DSi concentrations.”
Modern-like seawater δ18O in the mesoproterozoic: Insights from triple oxygen isotopes of chert
Dai, B., Li, C., Ma, H., Shen, B., Peng, Y., & Cao, X. (2025) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119548 · Cited by 4
Fossil evidence provides new insights into the origin of the Mesoproterozoic ministromatolites
Wang, T., Feng, Q., & Huang, Y. (2021) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2021.106426 · Cited by 4
Origin of the Sokoman Iron Formation, Labrador Trough, Canada
Zajac, I. S., & Peter, J. M. (2022) · The Canadian Mineralogist · doi:10.3749/canmin.2000112 · Cited by 4
Origin of the early Ediacaran chert from Infrakrol Formation in Krol Belt, Lesser Himalaya, India
Joshi, H., Mishra, M., & Tiwari, M. (2022) · Journal of Sedimentary Environments · doi:10.1007/s43217-022-00108-4 · Cited by 4
“During Precambrian time, the absence of significant silica-secreting organisms suggested that the contemporary oceans contained higher concentrations of dissolved silica than the modern oceans (Maliva et al., 2005; Marin-Carbonne et al., 2014) indicating that silicification would have occurred via inorganic pathways.”
BackgroundLi, C., Cui, Y., Ning, M., Li, C., Xing, C., Xia, P., & Dong, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Earth Science · doi:10.3389/feart.2022.932263 · Cited by 4
“The reservoirs of silicon mainly include normal seawater, hydrothermal fluids, and biological silica sinks (Maliva et al., 1989; Maliva et al., 2005).”
BackgroundThe felsic volcanism associated BIF-like iron formations: Their origin and implication for BIFs
Zhou, T., Hill, T. R., Roden, E., & Xu, H. (2024) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2024.122091 · Cited by 5
Chert precipitation in the aftermath of the Cryogenian Sturtian glaciation
Zhu, S., Lang, X., Zhao, K., Li, G., Xing, C., & Hou, M. (2024) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2024.107397 · Cited by 4
Wang, Z., Cao, H., Chen, F., Wei, K., Bao, C., Hou, Q., Chen, C., Huang, H., & Chen, Q. (2025) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2025.112903 · Cited by 4
Snowball Earth at low solar luminosity prevented by the ocean–atmosphere coupling
Wang, R., & Shen, B. (2019) · Acta Geochimica · doi:10.1007/s11631-019-00373-7 · Cited by 4
Characterization of Eocene flint
Natálio, F., Corrales, T. P., Pierantoni, M., Rosenhek‐Goldian, I., Cernescu, A., Raguin, É., Maria, R., & Cohen, S. (2021) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2021.120427 · Cited by 4
Banerjee, A., Majumder, T., Patranabis‐Deb, S., & Saha, D. K. (2022) · Journal of the Geological Society of India · doi:10.1007/s12594-022-1922-4 · Cited by 4
Konhauser, K. O., Kappler, A. A., Lalonde, S. V., & Robbins, L. J. (2023) · Geoscience Canada · doi:10.12789/geocanj.2023.50.201 · Cited by 4
Sugiyama, I., & Halevy, I. (2025) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2025.03.018 · Cited by 3
Ouyang, Q., Zhou, C., Lang, X., Qu, Y., Shi, H., Sun, Y., & Chen, Z. (2025) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/gbi.70034 · Cited by 3
Jiang, W., Wu, X. G., Yang, H., Fu, J., Zeng, Q., Li, S., Luo, R., Yang, Y., Lin, X., & Zhu, J. (2025) · Minerals · doi:10.3390/min15111123 · Cited by 3
Smith, A. J. B., Fitton, D., Vorster, C., & Schoenberg, R. (2025) · Ore Geology Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107060 · Cited by 3
Inorganic silicification of ancient carbonate rocks
Banerjee, A., Patranabis‐Deb, S., Saha, D. K., & Santosh, M. (2021) · Journal of Sedimentary Research · doi:10.2110/jsr.2020.099 · Cited by 3
Sagasti, A. J., Campbell, K. A., Massini, J. L. G., Galar, A., Guido, D. M., & Gautret, P. (2024) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/gbi.12621 · Cited by 3
“…record (e.g., Knoll 1985; Cady and Farmer 1996; Trewin 1993; Jones, Renaut, and Rosen 1997, 2001; Fayers and Trewin 2003; Jones and Renaut 2003; Maliva, Knoll, and Simonson 2005; Handley et al. 2008; Channing and Edwards 2009; Channing and Wujek 2010; Campbell, Guido, et al. 2015; Campbell,…”
Mattern, F., Galluccio, L., Scharf, A., Frijia, G., Al-Salmani, M., Al-Mamari, Y., & Pracejus, B. (2022) · Marine and Petroleum Geology · doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2022.106025 · Cited by 3
Bai, C., Yu, B., Han, S., Shen, Z., Liu, X., & Wang, Y. (2024) · International Geology Review · doi:10.1080/00206814.2024.2364911 · Cited by 3
Koshurba, K., & Johnson, J. E. (2024) · ACS Earth and Space Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acsearthspacechem.4c00092 · Cited by 2
Steinhoefel, G., Schmitt, L., Angerer, T., Kirnbauer, T., & Klein, S. (2025) · Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems · doi:10.1029/2025gc012223 · Cited by 2
The preservation of silicon isotope ratios in cherts and recrystallized sponge spicules
Ye, Y., Frings, P. J., Frick, D. A., von Blanckenburg, F., & Feng, Q. (2026) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2026.01.040 · Cited by 2
Merenkova, S. I., Калмыков, Г. А., Gabdullin, R. R., Karpova, E. V., Puzik, A. Y., Бадьянова, И. В., Volkova, M. A., & Казымов, К. П. (2023) · Moscow University Geology Bulletin · doi:10.3103/s0145875223010155 · Cited by 2
“It is known that stratified rich in organic matter cherts of the South Oman Salt Basin Al Shomou Silicilyte formed in late Precambrian and early Cambrian are hydrocarbon reservoirs (Ramseyer et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialNanoscale characterization of Ediacaran microfossils from lower Doushantuo formation chert nodules
Cheng, S., Feng, L., Zhang, C., Cui, L., Liu, W., Qiu, H., Shi, H., Chu, X., Zhang, X., & Li, J. (2024) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2024.122250 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Maliva, R. G., Knoll, A. H., & Simonson, B. M.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Oberlin College (US)
- Venue
- Geological Society of America Bulletin
- Publisher
- Geological Society of America
- Published
- 2005
- Volume
- 117
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 835
- ISSN
- 0016-7606 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2167003868
- Cited by
- 377
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 4.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Geological Society of America Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
- Keywords
- silica cycling, Precambrian, chert, silica solubility, paleoceanography, paleochemistry, Precambrian tectonics, Precambrian volcanism, Precambrian sedimentation, Precambrian atmosphere
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