Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism

Abstract

Part 1 Anatomy and biology of bone matrix and cellular elements: anatomy and ultrastructure of bone bone morphogenesis and embryologic development bone formation - osteoblast lineage cells, growth factors, matrix proteins and the mineralization process bone remodelling biomechanics of bone. Part 2 Skeletal physiology: childhood and adolescence pregnancy and lactation menopause the aging skeleton. Part 3 Mineral homeostasis: the intestinal absorption of calcium, magnesium and phosphate calcium, magnesium and phosphorus - renal handling and urinary excretion mineral balance and homeostasis parathyroid hormone parathyroid hormone-related protein vitamin D - photobiology, metabolism, mechanism of action and clinical applications calcitonin gonadal steroids and receptors. Part 4 Clinical evaluation of bone and mineral disorders: history and physical examination blood calcium, phosphorus and magnesium assay methods - parathyroid hormone, parathyroid hormone-related protein and calcitonin vitamin D metabolites biochemical markers of bone turnover radiologic evaluation of bone mineral in children scintigraphy in metabolic bone disease clinical application of bone densitometry radiology of osteoporosis bone biopsy and histomorphometry in clinical practice molecular diagnosis of bone and mineral disorders. Part 5 Disorders of serum minerals: hypercalcaemia - pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, differential diagnosis and management primary hyperparathyroidism familial hyperparathyroid syndromes familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia tertiary hyperparathyroidism and refractory secondary hyperparathyroidism humoral hypercalcaemia of malignancy hypercalcaemia in haematologic malignancies and in solid tumors associated with extensive localized bone destruction hypercalcaemia due to granuloma-forming disorders miscellaneous causes of hypercalcaemia hypercalcaemic syndromes in infants and children hypocalcaemia - pathogenesis, differential diagnosis and management hypoparathyroidism parathyroid hormone resistance syndromes neonatal hypocalcaemia miscellaneous causes of hypocalcaemia magnesium depletion and hypermagnesemia hyperphosphatemia and hypophosphatemia. Part 6 Metabolic bone diseases: epidemiology of osteoporosis pathogenesis of postmenopausal osteoporosis physical activity and regulation of bone mass prevention of osteoporosis nutrition and osteoporosis evaluation of postmenopausal osteoporosis pharmacology of agents to treat osteoporosis pharmacologic treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis osteoporosis in men glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis transplantation osteoporosis juvenile osteoporosis secondary causes of osteoporosis - thyrotoxicosis and lack of weight bearing orthopaedic complications of osteoporosis osteoporosis and rheumatic diseases nutritional rickets and osteomalacia metabolic bone disease of total parental nutrition vitamin D-dependent rickets hypophosphatemic vitamin D-resi