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A prospective longitudinal study to assess psychological changes following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery
Open accessAbstract
Objective: To determine whether the psychological characteristics of athletes who have undergone an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction change during rehabilitation are related to returning to competitive sport. Design: Prospective longitudinal study. Method: 87 athletes completed the Emotional Response of Athletes to Injury Questionnaire (ERAIQ) and the ACL Return to Sport after Injury scale (ACL-RSI) at 3, 6 and 12 months following ACL reconstruction surgery. Physical outcome measures were also taken at each time point. Results: At 12 months 44 (51%) participants had returned to competitive sport and 43 (49%) participants had not returned. There were no differences in physical recovery or scores on the ERAIQ between the two groups. Participants who had returned to competitive sport at 12 months, however, scored significantly higher on the ACL-RSI scale (reflecting a more positive psychological response about sport participation) at both 6 and 12 months than participants who had not returned to competitive sport. Conclusions: During rehabilitation there are significant psychological differences regarding sport resumption between athletes who do, and do not, resume competitive sport 12 months following ACL reconstruction. These differences occur as early as 6 months postoperatively and highlight the importance of addressing all aspects of an athlete’s recovery in order to help facilitate the athlete returning to sport.
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The prior study's contributions are tempered by its limitations, including considerable variability in the timing of follow-up assessments, absence of objective functional measures, and potential selection bias stemming from low response rates.
“However, the study’s contributions are tempered by its limitations, including considerable variability in the timing of follow-up assessments, absence of objective functional measures, and potential selection bias stemming from low response rates.”
From Biopsychosocial profiles following ACL reconstruction: A latent class analysis of barriers to return-to-activity (2025) · cites this paper as [25]
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Ardern, C. L., Taylor, N. F., Feller, J. A., & Webster, K. E. (2014) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2013-093398 · Cited by 1,465
Self-citationvan Melick, N., van Cingel, R. E. H., Brooijmans, F., Neeter, C., van Tienen, T., Hullegie, W., & Nijhuis-van der Sanden, M. W. G. (2016) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-095898 · Cited by 918
Myer, G. D., Jayanthi, N., Difiori, J. P., Faigenbaum, A. D., Kiefer, A. W., Logerstedt, D., & Micheli, L. J. (2015) · Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach · doi:10.1177/1941738115598747 · Cited by 409
Truong, L. K., Mosewich, A. D., Holt, C. J., Le, C. Y., Miciak, M., & Whittaker, J. L. (2020) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2019-101206 · Cited by 205
Petushek, E., Harkey, M. S., Santiago, K., Stamm, A., Baez, S., Diekfuss, J. A., Myer, G. D., & Kuenze, C. (2025) · Physical Therapy in Sport · doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2025.08.004 · Cited by 5
Murphy, T., Lyons, L., Mertz-Bynum, N., Lugin, A., Harkey, M. S., Kuenze, C., Baez, S., Myer, G. D., Diekfuss, J., & Petushek, E. (2026) · Journal of Athletic Training · doi:10.4085/1062-6050-0696.25
Metadata
- Authors
- Langford, J. L., Webster, K. E., & Feller, J. A.
- Affiliations
- La Trobe University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Webster, K E
- Venue
- British Journal of Sports Medicine
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2008-11-19
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 377-378
- ISSN
- 0306-3674 (ISSN-L)
- 1473-0480
- OpenAlex
- W2139048433
- Cited by
- 380
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 5.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- British Journal of Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Knee injuries and reconstruction techniques
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports injuries and prevention
- Keywords
- anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, athletes, psychological response to injury, return to sport, ACL rehabilitation, ACL-RSI scale
- MeSH terms
- Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries, Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Arthroscopy, Athletic Injuries, Female, Humans, Joint Instability, Male, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Rupture, Range of Motion, Articular, Recovery of Function, Young Adult
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