Video analysis of trunk and knee motion during non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes: lateral trunk and knee abduction motion are combined components of the injury mechanism
Open accessAbstract
Background: The combined positioning of the trunk and knee in the coronal and sagittal planes during non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury has not been previously reported. Hypothesis: During ACL injury female athletes demonstrate greater lateral trunk and knee abduction angles than ACL-injured male athletes and uninjured female athletes. Design: Cross-section control-cohort design. Methods: Analyses of still captures from 23 coronal (10 female and 7 male ACL-injured players and 6 female controls) or 28 sagittal plane videos performing similar landing and cutting tasks. Significance was set at p⩽0.05. Results: Lateral trunk and knee abduction angles were higher in female compared to male athletes during ACL injury (p⩽0.05) and trended toward being greater than female controls (p = 0.16, 0.13, respectively). Female ACL-injured athletes showed less forward trunk lean than female controls (mean (SD) initial contact (IC): 1.6 (9.3)° vs 14.0 (7.3)°, p⩽0.01). Conclusion: Female athletes landed with greater lateral trunk motion and knee abduction during ACL injury than did male athletes or control females during similar landing and cutting tasks. Clinical relevance: Lateral trunk and knee abduction motion are important components of the ACL injury mechanism in female athletes as observed from video evidence of ACL injury.
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Five biomechanical variables-lateral trunk flexion, knee-to-hip joint moment ratio, knee abduction moment, vertical ground reaction force ratio, and foot center of pressure location-have been identified as ACL injury risk factors.
“five kinematic and kinetic variables previously identified as ACL-injury risk factors (for justification and references see Table 1)”
From Injury Risk Factors Integrated Into Self-Guided Real-Time Biofeedback Improves High-Risk Biomechanics (2019) · cites this paper as [52]
The Clinical relevance passage links lateral trunk motion and knee abduction load to ACL injury risk in female athletes, and the Discussion describes a possible role for ground reaction force. The paper does not identify a knee-to-hip joint moment ratio, a vertical ground reaction force ratio, or foot center-of-pressure location as risk factors. Its discussion of flat-footed landing is not the specified center-of-pressure variable. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Hewett, T. E., Torg, J. S., & Boden, B. P.
- Affiliations
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Orthopaedic Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hewett, T E
- Venue
- British Journal of Sports Medicine
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2009-04-15
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 417-422
- ISSN
- 0306-3674 (ISSN-L)
- 1473-0480
- PMC
- PMC4062295
- OpenAlex
- W2144473619
- Cited by
- 579
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 20.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal of Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01 AR05563, R01AR049735, R01AR055563, R01AR056259)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Knee injuries and reconstruction techniques
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports injuries and prevention
- Keywords
- non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury, female athletes, knee abduction, injury mechanisms, landing biomechanics, cutting movements, sex differences, trunk lean, frontal plane, sagittal plane
- MeSH terms
- Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries, Adolescent, Adult, Basketball, Biomechanical Phenomena, Epidemiologic Methods, Female, Humans, Knee Injuries, Knee Joint, Task Performance and Analysis, Video Recording, Range of Motion, Articular, Anterior Cruciate Ligament, Young Adult
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