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Cited by 92Sports injuries and preventionInjury Epidemiology and PreventionSports Performance and Training

Risk assessment in professional football: an examination of accidents and incidents in the 1994 World Cup finals.

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Hawkins, R D, Fuller, C W·1996·British Journal of Sports Medicine
DOI 10.1136/bjsm.30.2.165PMC PMC1332384
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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To assess the risks to footballers' health and safety during competitive international matches, with identification of the most common causes of injury. METHODS: Videos of 44 of the 52 matches played during the 1994 World Cup finals staged in the USA were analysed. During each match, several relevant variables were recorded, including the number of fouls, injuries, treatments, times of incidents, identity of players treated or injured, and the injury mechanism. Additional information on players' injuries was obtained from the extensive media coverage of the event. RESULTS: Only 29% of injuries resulted from foul play, whereas 71% of injuries to players occurred where no foul play was adjudged by the referee to have taken place (P < 0.01). Defenders were found to be proportionately subjected to a greater risk of injury than other players (P < 0.05). Fifteen per cent of all injuries were judged to be at least moderate, resulting in the player missing at least one match. Frequency of moderate injury was 1026 injuries per 100,000 hours played. CONCLUSIONS: The major causes of injuries during international football matches were not found to be associated with foul play, as judged by the referees. However, in those cases where injuries occurred without a foul being committed, almost 50% involved player to player contact. This gives some cause for concern and is worth further investigation.

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Crossref · 10.1136/bjsm.30.2.165

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  • Substantial physiological changes relating to acid-base balance, the glycaemic response, and muscle and core temperature result from typically passive periods comparable in length to half-time (~15 min).

    “substantial physiological changes relating to acid-base balance 3 , the glycaemic response 4-6 and muscle (Tm) and core temperature (Tcore) changes 7-11 result from typically passive periods comparable in length to those observed during half-time (i.e., ~15 min).”

    From Half-time strategies to enhance second-half performance in team-sports players: A review and recommendations (2015) · cites this paper as [7]

  • When professional Rugby Union players applied a Blizzard survival garment during a post warm-up recovery period, subsequent repeated sprint performance and lower body peak power outputs were greater than in a control trial.

    “when professional Rugby Union players applied a Blizzard TM survival garment during a post warm-up recovery period, subsequent repeated sprint performance and lower body peak power outputs were greater than elicited in a control trial 7 .”

    From Half-time strategies to enhance second-half performance in team-sports players: A review and recommendations (2015) · cites this paper as [7]

  • The decline in lower body peak power output during post warm-up recovery was related (r=0.71) to the decline in core temperature.

    “the decline in lower body peak power output observed during the post warm-up recovery period was related (r=0.71) to the decline in Tcore 7 .”

    From Half-time strategies to enhance second-half performance in team-sports players: A review and recommendations (2015) · cites this paper as [7]

  • Passive heat maintenance strategies (e.g., heated clothing, outdoor survival jackets, heating pads) attenuate heat loss and maintain muscle temperature.

    “Passive heat maintenance involves the use of specific methods (e.g., heated clothing, outdoor survival jackets, and heating pads) which seek to attenuate heat loss. Such strategies are easily applied to the desired muscle groups to maintain Tm, and thus the temperature-mediated pathways which aid performance 7 .”

    From Half-time strategies to enhance second-half performance in team-sports players: A review and recommendations (2015) · cites this paper as [7]

  • Heated clothing, outdoor survival jackets, and heating pads have proved beneficial when seeking to attenuate reductions in performance attributable to Tm loss.

    “Heated clothing, outdoor survival jackets, and heating pads can be applied with relatively little inconvenience to athletes, and have proved beneficial when seeking to attenuate reductions in performance attributable to Tm loss 7, 9, 26 .”

    From Half-time strategies to enhance second-half performance in team-sports players: A review and recommendations (2015) · cites this paper as [7]

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Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. the professional sportsperson. Br J Sports Med 1995; 29:5-9.
  2. Schmidt-Olsen S, Bunemann KH, Lade V, Brassoe JOK. Soccer injuries ofyouth. BrJ Sports Med 1985;19:161-4.
  3. McCarroll JR, Meaney C, Sieber JM. Profile ofyouth soccer injuries. Phys Sportsmed 1984;12:113-7.
  4. Ekstrand J. Soccer injuries and their prevention. Linkoping, Sweden: Linkoping University, 1982. [Medical disser- tationNo 130.] on July 19, 2023 by guest. Protected by copyright. http://bjsm.bmj.com/ Br J Sports Med: first published as 10.1136/bjsm.30.2.165 on 1 June 1996. Downloaded from

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Authors
Hawkins, R. D., & Fuller, C. W.
Affiliations
Loughborough University (GB)
ORCID
Venue
British Journal of Sports Medicine
Publisher
BMJ
Published
1996-06
Volume
30
Issue
2
Pages
165-170
ISSN
  • 0306-3674 (ISSN-L)
  • 1473-0480
DOI
10.1136/bjsm.30.2.165
PMC
PMC1332384
OpenAlex
W1974825919
Cited by
92
References
20
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 3
FWCI
1.65
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • British Journal of Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports injuries and prevention
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Injury Epidemiology and Prevention
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Keywords
football injuries, professional football, 1994 FIFA World Cup, injury prediction, foul play, injury incidence, refereeing
MeSH terms
Adult, Athletic Injuries, Humans, Male, Soccer, Risk Assessment

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