Cited by 1,481Stress Responses and CortisolAdrenal Hormones and DisordersMedicinal Plants and Bioactive Compounds

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Stress and the General Adaptation Syndrome

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Selye, H.·1950·BMJ

DOI 10.1136/bmj.1.4667.1383PMC PMC2038162

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Abstract

With the concept of the general adaptation syndrome we have attempted to integrate a number of seemingly quite unrelated observations into a single unified biologic system.I would draw attention briefly to the work of Claude Bernard, who showed how important it is to maintain the constancy of the "milieu interieur" ; Cannon's concept of " homoeostasis "; Frank Hartmann's " general tissue hor- mone" theory of the corticoids; Dustin's observations on the " caryoclastic poisons," the " post-operative disease," the curative action of fever, foreign proteins, and of other " non-specific therapeutic agents "; the " nephrotoxic sera " of Masugi; and to the " Goldblatt clamp" for the production of experimental renal hypertension.At first sight it would seem that all these observations have little in common and that there is no reason to attempt their integration into a unified system of physio- logical and pathological events.Yet most of my research work has been devoted to the construction of bridges between these and many additional facts, since they were thought to be interconnected in nature.Through the com- prehension of their unity we hoped to learn how to use them better for the understanding of life and the treatment of disease.The keynote of this unification was the tenet that all living organisms can respond to stress as such, and thiat in this respect the basic reaction pattern is always the same, irrespective of the agent used to produce stress.We called this response the general adaptation syndrome, and its derailments the diseases of adaptation.Anything that causes stress endangers life, unless it is met by adequate adaptive responses; conversely, anything that endangers life causes stress and adaptive responses.Adaptability and resistance to stress are fundamental pre- requisites for life, and every vital organ and function par- ticipates in them.In order to present a well-proportioned outline of the general adaptation syndrome it was necessary, therefore, to peruse every branch of physiology, biochemis- try, pathological anatomy, and clinical medicine in search of the "stress factor" in all aspects of normal and abnormal life.It will take many years, indeed many generations, before the details of the general adaptation syndrome are satis- *The first part of the Heberden Oration, given on June 2, 1950.

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“The concept of stress introduced by Selye (1950) has been altered and modified over the years, and in recent years the notion of allostasis has been submitted to complement the concept of stress.”
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Effects of a homeopathic complex on the performance and cortisol levels in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Merlini, L. S., Vargas, L. D., Piau, R., Ribeiro, R. P., & Merlini, N. B. (2014) · Homeopathy · doi:10.1016/j.homp.2013.08.005 · Cited by 26
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“Stay at Home” in Italy during the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Longitudinal Study on Individual Well-Being among Different Age Groups
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“Everything life-threatening may result in both stress and adaptive responses, making adaptability and resilience fundamental for facing stressful situations, in different life contexts [26,70].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Stress-induced glucocorticoid desensitizes adrenoreceptors to gate the neuroendocrine response to somatic stress in male mice
Jiang, Z., Chen, C., Weiss, G. L., Fu, X., Stelly, C. E., Sweeten, B. L. W., Tirrell, P. S., Pursell, I. A., Stevens, C. R., Fisher, M. O., et al. (2022) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111509 · Cited by 26
Part B: Morphometric and transcriptomic responses to sub-chronic exposure to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon phenanthrene in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)
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Aguilera, G. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-375097-6.10008-3 · Cited by 30
Care of fish in biological research
Klontz, G. W. (1995) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/1995.73113485x · Cited by 26
“This response, according to Selye (1950) , is the alarm reaction.”
Background
Stress induced proinflammatory adaptations: Plausible mechanisms for the link between stress and cardiovascular disease
Slusher, A. L., & Acevedo, E. O. (2023) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2023.1124121 · Cited by 30
“For example, his original detailing of the “general adaptation syndrome” included the notion that activation of the HPA axis by a stressor is a “basic reaction pattern irrespective of the agent used to produce stress” (Selye, 1950).”
Background
A Two Step Gaussian Modelling to Assess PPG Morphological Variability Induced by Psychological Stress
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“Stress is actually the response of an organism to harmful situations or to a hostile environment that the individual perceives as a ‘threat’ [2].”
Background
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Sex differences in glucocorticoid responses to shipping stress in Pekin ducks
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“…nervous system; then second, the adaptive, or humoral, phase in which the adrenal cortex secretes glucocorticoids in an attempt to adapt to the damage or stressor; and third, if animals do not adapt, then they enter exhaustion, deterioration and ultimately death (Selye, 1937, 1950, 1975).”
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“Within the PNEI network, the stress response is at the crossroad of the reciprocal influences between the mind and the body, being triggered by both physical and psychosocial environmental challenges [11].”
Biological stress responses to multitasking and work interruptions: A randomized controlled trial
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“…point for future research is to investigate associations between the stress systems of interest (i.e., SNS, HPA axis, and immune system) and their joint reactivity to multitasking and work interruptions, because these systems are not entirely independent (e.g., McEwen, 2007; Selye, 1950, 1946).”
Background
Is altered behavior linked to cellular energy regulation in a freshwater mussel (Elliptio complanata) exposed to triclosan?
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“However, increasingly the evidence for the detrimental effects of stress points to prolonged (chronic) stress as the main contributor to the pathological effects rather than acute stressors (see e.g., [86–89]).”
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“…our data suggest that the changes in p-ERK levels and c-Fos expression observed in PVN, LC and DR nuclei, which are intense just at the end of the stress but reduced 3 h later, are primarily involved in the acute phase of the stress comprising alarm and resistance, as defined by Selye (1950).”
Stress and saltwater-entry behavior of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha): conflicts in physiological motivation
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“The physiological stress response is considered an adaptive mechanism by which a perturbed organism attempts to regain homeostasis and increase survival (Selye 1950; McEwen 1998; Schreck 2000).”
Background
Comparative Stress Dynamics of Brood Stock Striped Bass Morone saxatilis Associated with Two Capture Techniques
Harrell, R. M., & Moline, M. A. (1992) · Journal of the World Aquaculture Society · doi:10.1111/j.1749-7345.1992.tb00751.x · Cited by 25
Therapy of acute myelogenous leukemia
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“Corticosterone is a glucocorticoid in rodents (cortisol in humans) that serves as a crucial steroid hormone secreted in response to stress [60].”
Background
Altered expression of KCC2 in GABAergic interneuron contributes prenatal stress-induced epileptic spasms in infant rat
Baek, H., Yi, M., Pandit, S., Park, J. B., Kwon, H. H., Zhang, E., Kim, S., Shin, N., Kim, E., Lee, Y., et al. (2016) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2016.05.006 · Cited by 26
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“Only later did he mention the hypothalamus as a possible initiator of the syndrome (Selye 1950); and, even then, he still described the syndrome entirely in terms of bodily changes, focusing on endocrine processes.”
Background
Sex differences in serum glucocorticoid levels and heterophil:lymphocyte ratios in adult pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus)
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Small extracellular vesicles from senescent stem cells trigger adaptive mechanisms in young stem cells by increasing antioxidant enzyme expression
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Classification of Mental Stress Levels by Analyzing fNIRS Signal Using Linear and Non-linear Features
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Heart rate variability mediates motivation and fatigue throughout a high-intensity exercise program
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Authors: Selye, H.
Affiliations: Université de Montréal (CA)
Corresponding author: Selye, H.
Venue: BMJ
Publisher: BMJ
Published: 1950-06-17
Volume: 1
Issue: 4667
Pages: 1383-1392
ISSN: 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
0959-8138
1468-5833
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.4667.1383
PMC: PMC2038162
OpenAlex: W1991680271
Cited by: 1,481
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 59 · 2025: 98 · 2024: 79 · 2023: 111 · 2022: 117 · 2021: 96 · 2020: 102 · 2019: 90 · 2018: 80 · 2017: 64 · 2016: 64 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 54 · 2013: 51 · 2012: 52
FWCI: 12.06
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: BMJ (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Medicinal Plants and Bioactive Compounds
Keywords: general adaptation syndrome, stress, stress response, homeostasis, milieu intérieur, corticosteroids, tissue hormones, fever, nonspecific therapy, experimental renal hypertension, adaptability
MeSH terms: Acclimatization, Adaptation, Physiological, Adrenal Cortex, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, General Adaptation Syndrome, Stress, Physiological, Tissue Extracts

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Stress and the General Adaptation Syndrome

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