Cited by 1,481Stress Responses and CortisolAdrenal Hormones and DisordersMedicinal Plants and Bioactive Compounds

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Stress and the General Adaptation Syndrome

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Selye, H.·1950·BMJ

DOI 10.1136/bmj.1.4667.1383PMC PMC2038162

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Abstract

With the concept of the general adaptation syndrome we have attempted to integrate a number of seemingly quite unrelated observations into a single unified biologic system.I would draw attention briefly to the work of Claude Bernard, who showed how important it is to maintain the constancy of the "milieu interieur" ; Cannon's concept of " homoeostasis "; Frank Hartmann's " general tissue hor- mone" theory of the corticoids; Dustin's observations on the " caryoclastic poisons," the " post-operative disease," the curative action of fever, foreign proteins, and of other " non-specific therapeutic agents "; the " nephrotoxic sera " of Masugi; and to the " Goldblatt clamp" for the production of experimental renal hypertension.At first sight it would seem that all these observations have little in common and that there is no reason to attempt their integration into a unified system of physio- logical and pathological events.Yet most of my research work has been devoted to the construction of bridges between these and many additional facts, since they were thought to be interconnected in nature.Through the com- prehension of their unity we hoped to learn how to use them better for the understanding of life and the treatment of disease.The keynote of this unification was the tenet that all living organisms can respond to stress as such, and thiat in this respect the basic reaction pattern is always the same, irrespective of the agent used to produce stress.We called this response the general adaptation syndrome, and its derailments the diseases of adaptation.Anything that causes stress endangers life, unless it is met by adequate adaptive responses; conversely, anything that endangers life causes stress and adaptive responses.Adaptability and resistance to stress are fundamental pre- requisites for life, and every vital organ and function par- ticipates in them.In order to present a well-proportioned outline of the general adaptation syndrome it was necessary, therefore, to peruse every branch of physiology, biochemis- try, pathological anatomy, and clinical medicine in search of the "stress factor" in all aspects of normal and abnormal life.It will take many years, indeed many generations, before the details of the general adaptation syndrome are satis- *The first part of the Heberden Oration, given on June 2, 1950.

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“…biogenic) stimulus, whether actual or perceived, that precipitates a reaction in the brain followed by a physiological response nonspecific and specific to the stimulus to maintain homeostasis (Selye, 1950; Selye, 1976; Goldstein and Kopin, 2007; Nicolaides et al., 2015; Sher et al., 2020).”
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“Along these lines, and by observing that organisms establish new patterns of responses in the presence of stressors, Selye advanced the idea of heterostasis (1973, see also Selye, 1950).”
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“Stress usually refers to changing one’s condition in response to a changing environment, which is a physiological process that adapts and maintains the homeostasis of the internal environment [6].”
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“Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome suggests that acute or chronic stressors will eventually transform theHPAaxis fromanover-responsive system toan under-responsive or non-responsive system (popular terms suggest that it will cause adrenal “fatigue/exhaustion”) [27].”
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“The adaption model suggests that need frustration has acute and chronic forms (Radel et al., 2011; Selye, 1950).”
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“The CAN initially reacts to stressor effects with a sympathetic fight/flight response that is restored to normal by the parasympathetic nervous system’s relax/digest response [48].”
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“Selye [21], сформулировал теорию нейроматрикса [22], позволившую окончательно сформировать представление об их функциональном единстве.”
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“Driven by a wide variety of mechanistic work that later emerged, including research illuminating physiological stress responses in the 1940s [5] and other pivotal animal research, George Solomon led what was perhaps the first article to focus on emotion with a modern psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)…”
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“Stress is defined as any deviation from an organism’s baseline physiological levels (Selye, 1950).”
Background
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Involvement of transcriptional factor induced by hypoxia in the neuronal mechanisms of adaptation to psychoemotional and hypoxic stress
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Authors: Selye, H.
Affiliations: Université de Montréal (CA)
Corresponding author: Selye, H.
Venue: BMJ
Publisher: BMJ
Published: 1950-06-17
Volume: 1
Issue: 4667
Pages: 1383-1392
ISSN: 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
0959-8138
1468-5833
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.4667.1383
PMC: PMC2038162
OpenAlex: W1991680271
Cited by: 1,481
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 59 · 2025: 98 · 2024: 79 · 2023: 111 · 2022: 117 · 2021: 96 · 2020: 102 · 2019: 90 · 2018: 80 · 2017: 64 · 2016: 64 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 54 · 2013: 51 · 2012: 52
FWCI: 12.06
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: BMJ (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Medicinal Plants and Bioactive Compounds
Keywords: general adaptation syndrome, stress, stress response, homeostasis, milieu intérieur, corticosteroids, tissue hormones, fever, nonspecific therapy, experimental renal hypertension, adaptability
MeSH terms: Acclimatization, Adaptation, Physiological, Adrenal Cortex, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, General Adaptation Syndrome, Stress, Physiological, Tissue Extracts

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Stress and the General Adaptation Syndrome

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