The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Statistics Notes: Measurement error proportional to the mean
Open accessAbstract
We often need to know the error with which measurements are made—for example, so that we can decide whether the change in a clinical observation represents a real change in a patient's condition. We have discussed previously the within-subject standard deviation as a practical index of measurement error.1 We said that this approach should be used when the measurement error was not related to the magnitude of the measurement and recommended that we plot the subject standard deviation against the subject mean to check this. Table 1 shows some duplicate salivary cotinine measurements taken from a larger study. Figure 1 shows absolute subject difference against subject mean, which is equivalent to a standard deviation versus mean plot when we have only two measurements per subject.1 If we are to use the within-subject standard deviation as an index of measurement error we need the subject standard deviation to be …
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Statistics Notes: Measurement error and correlation coefficients
Bland, J. M., & Altman, D. G. (1996) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.313.7048.41 · Cited by 639
Self-citationStatistics Notes: Transforming data
Bland, J. M., & Altman, D. G. (1996) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.312.7033.770 · Cited by 291
Self-citationBland, J. M., & Altman, D. G. (1996) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.312.7032.700 · Cited by 81
Self-citation
Cited by
From diffusion tractography to quantitative white matter tract measures: a reproducibility study
Ciccarelli, O., Parker, G. J. M., Toosy, A. T., Wheeler-Kingshott, C. A. M., Barker, G. J., Boulby, P. A., Miller, D. H., & Thompson, A. J. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(02)00042-3 · Cited by 228
Haslam, D. E., Li, J., Dillon, S. T., Gu, X., Cao, Y., Zeleznik, O. A., Sasamoto, N., Zhang, X., Eliassen, A. H., Liang, L., et al. (2022) · PROTEOMICS · doi:10.1002/pmic.202100170 · Cited by 157
Open-label pilot study of testosterone patch therapy in men with opioid-induced androgen deficiency
Daniell, H. W., Lentz, R., & Mazer, N. A. (2006) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2005.10.009 · Cited by 135
Obstetric ultrasound scanning by local health workers in a refugee camp on the Thai-Burmese border.
Rijken, M. J., Lee, S. J., Boel, M. E., Papageorghiou, A. T., Visser, G. H. A., Dwell, S. L. M., Kennedy, S. H., Singhasivanon, P., White, N. J., Nosten, F., et al. (2009) · Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1002/uog.7350 · Cited by 108
Tin, A., Yu, B., Ma, J., Masushita, K., Daya, N., Hoogeveen, R. C., Ballantyne, C. M., Couper, D., Rebholz, C. M., Grams, M. E., et al. (2019) · The Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1373/jalm.2018.027086 · Cited by 106
Metadata
- Authors
- Bland, J. M., & Altman, D. G.
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 1996-07-13
- Volume
- 313
- Issue
- 7049
- Pages
- 106
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- 1468-5833
- OpenAlex
- W141585252
- Cited by
- 543
- References
- 3
- FWCI
- 8.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Statistics Notes: Measurement error proportional to the mean. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1136/bmj.313.7049.106
- The paper
- Bland, J. M., & Altman, D. G. (1996). Statistics Notes: Measurement error proportional to the mean. BMJ. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.313.7049.106
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.