Cited by 1,278Asthma and respiratory diseasesChronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) ResearchStatistical Methods in Epidemiology

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Statistics Notes: Detecting skewness from summary information: Table 1

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Altman, Douglas G, Bland, J Martin·1996·BMJ

DOI 10.1136/bmj.313.7066.1200PMC PMC2352469

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Abstract

The measurement of airway resistance by the interrupter technique (Rint) needs standardization. Should measurements be made be during the expiratory or inspiratory phase of tidal breathing? In reported studies, the measurement of Rint has been calculated as the median or mean of a small number of values, is there an important difference? Subjects were 2.5–5.0 yrs (median 4.0 yrs) who had previous respiratory symptoms. The Rint in expiration (RintE) and inspiration (RintI) pre and postsalbutamol, the coefficient of variation (CV) of values contributing to measurements, and bronchodilator responsiveness (BDR) in both phases were compared. Measurements using median and mean were compared. RintE was higher than RintI by 4% (p<0.01). The CV of values making up RintE and RintI, and BDR measured in expiration and inspiration were similar. The median difference between means and medians of values making up measurements was 0.6% (range −6–11%). RintE has been shown to be consistently greater then RintI but the difference in this study is small. It is suggested that one or the other is chosen as the standard. In the present data the mean of a set of values contributing to a measurement was not significantly different from the median. However, the use of the median has been recommended since it is less affected by possible outlying values such as might be included by fully automated equipment.

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Statistics notes: The normal distribution
Altman, D. G., & Bland, J. M. (1995) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.310.6975.298 · Cited by 549
Statistics Notes: Transforming data
Bland, J. M., & Altman, D. G. (1996) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.312.7033.770 · Cited by 297
Statistics Notes: Quartiles, quintiles, centiles, and other quantiles
Altman, D. G., & Bland, M. (1994) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.309.6960.996 · Cited by 181
Effects of Environmental Tobacco Smoke on Urinary Cotinine Excretion in Nonsmokers
Matsukura, S., Taminato, T., Kitano, N., Seino, Y., HAMADA, H., Uchihashi, M., Nakajima, H., & Hirata, Y. (1984) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198409273111305 · Cited by 177

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“Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews R E F E R E N C E S Additional references Altman 1996 Altman DG, Bland JM. Detecting skewness from summary information.”
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“We assessed the distribution of data by calculating the highest possible value minus the observed mean, and dividing this by the SD. 44 The heterogeneity was assessed across the included studies using the visual inspection of the forest plot and Chi 2 test.”

Authors: Altman, D. G., & Bland, J. M.
Affiliations: University of Oxford (GB)
ORCID: Altman, Douglas G
Venue: BMJ
Publisher: BMJ
Published: 1996-11-09
Volume: 313
Issue: 7066
Pages: 1200.1
ISSN: 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
0959-8138
1468-5833
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.313.7066.1200
PMC: PMC2352469
OpenAlex: W1591259115
Cited by: 1,278
References: 4
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 70 · 2015: 72 · 2014: 79 · 2013: 70 · 2012: 87
FWCI: 5.62
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.bmj.com/company/legal-information/terms-conditions/legal-information/tdm-licencepolicy (tdm)
Locations: BMJ (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Asthma and respiratory diseases
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
Keywords: airway resistance, interrupter technique, coefficient of variation, bronchodilator responsiveness, salbutamol, pediatric respiratory symptoms, measurement standardization, skewness
MeSH terms: Analysis of Variance

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