The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Statistics Notes: Detecting skewness from summary information: Table 1
Open accessAbstract
The measurement of airway resistance by the interrupter technique (Rint) needs standardization. Should measurements be made be during the expiratory or inspiratory phase of tidal breathing? In reported studies, the measurement of Rint has been calculated as the median or mean of a small number of values, is there an important difference? Subjects were 2.5–5.0 yrs (median 4.0 yrs) who had previous respiratory symptoms. The Rint in expiration (RintE) and inspiration (RintI) pre and postsalbutamol, the coefficient of variation (CV) of values contributing to measurements, and bronchodilator responsiveness (BDR) in both phases were compared. Measurements using median and mean were compared. RintE was higher than RintI by 4% (p<0.01). The CV of values making up RintE and RintI, and BDR measured in expiration and inspiration were similar. The median difference between means and medians of values making up measurements was 0.6% (range −6–11%). RintE has been shown to be consistently greater then RintI but the difference in this study is small. It is suggested that one or the other is chosen as the standard. In the present data the mean of a set of values contributing to a measurement was not significantly different from the median. However, the use of the median has been recommended since it is less affected by possible outlying values such as might be included by fully automated equipment.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“when a scale starts from the finite number zero, the standard deviation, when multiplied by two, is less than the mean (as otherwise the mean is unlikely to be an appropriate measure of the centre of the distribution (Altman 1996)”
From Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders. (2017) · cites this paper as Altman 1996
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Statistics notes: The normal distribution
Altman, D. G., & Bland, J. M. (1995) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.310.6975.298 · Cited by 549
Statistics Notes: Transforming data
Bland, J. M., & Altman, D. G. (1996) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.312.7033.770 · Cited by 297
Statistics Notes: Quartiles, quintiles, centiles, and other quantiles
Altman, D. G., & Bland, M. (1994) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.309.6960.996 · Cited by 181
Effects of Environmental Tobacco Smoke on Urinary Cotinine Excretion in Nonsmokers
Matsukura, S., Taminato, T., Kitano, N., Seino, Y., HAMADA, H., Uchihashi, M., Nakajima, H., & Hirata, Y. (1984) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198409273111305 · Cited by 177
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults
Kleinstäuber, M., Witthöft, M., Steffanowski, A., van Marwijk, H., Hiller, W., & Lambert, M. J. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010628.pub2 · Cited by 11,369
Normality Tests for Statistical Analysis: A Guide for Non-Statisticians
Ghasemi, A., & Zahediasl, S. (2012) · International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.5812/ijem.3505 · Cited by 4,368
Chapter 9: Analysing Data and Undertaking Meta-Analyses
Deeks, J. J., Higgins, J. P. T., & Altman, D. G. (2008) · Cited by 2,782
Analysing data and undertaking meta‐analyses
Deeks, J. J., Higgins, J. P., Altman, D. G., & on behalf of the Cochrane Statistical Methods Group (2019) · Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions · doi:10.1002/9781119536604.ch10 · Cited by 2,672
Self-citationAnalysing Data and Undertaking Meta‐Analyses
Deeks, J. J., Higgins, J. P., & Altman, D. G. (2008) · Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions · doi:10.1002/9780470712184.ch9 · Cited by 1,800
Self-citationMidwife-led continuity models versus other models of care for childbearing women
Sandall, J., Soltani, H., Gates, S., Shennan, A. H., & Devane, D. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004667.pub3 · Cited by 1,264
PILLING, S., BEBBINGTON, P., KUIPERS, E., GARETY, P., GEDDES, J., ORBACH, G., & MORGAN, C. (2002) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291702005895 · Cited by 887
Opioid antagonists for alcohol dependence
Srisurapanont, M., & Jarusuraisin, N. (2002) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001867 · Cited by 762
Family intervention for schizophrenia
Pharoah, F., Mari, J., Rathbone, J., & Wong, W. (2006) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000088.pub2 · Cited by 737
Tipping, C. J., Harrold, M., Holland, A. E., Romero, L., Nisbet, T., & Hodgson, C. L. (2016) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-016-4612-0 · Cited by 684
Psychoeducation for schizophrenia
Xia, J., Merinder, L. B., & Belgamwar, M. R. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002831.pub2 · Cited by 669
Assertive community treatment for people with severe mental disorders
Marshall, M., & Lockwood, A. (1998) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001089 · Cited by 589
RetractedEarly intervention for psychosis
Marshall, M., & Rathbone, J. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004718.pub3 · Cited by 531
Sertraline versus other antidepressive agents for depression
Cipriani, A., Ferla, T. L., Furukawa, T. A., Signoretti, A., Nakagawa, A., Churchill, R. C., McGuire, H., & Barbui, C. (2010) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006117.pub4 · Cited by 512
Davies, E. B., Morriss, R., & Glazebrook, C. (2014) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.3142 · Cited by 499
“This is done by multiplying the standard deviation by two; if the mean is smaller than this number, it suggests the data is skewed [36].”
BackgroundIntensive case management for severe mental illness
Dieterich, M., Irving, C. B., Park, B., & Marshall, M. (2010) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007906.pub2 · Cited by 493
Preterm Birth and the Metabolic Syndrome in Adult Life: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Parkinson, J. R. C., Hyde, M. J., Gale, C., Santhakumaran, S., & Modi, N. (2013) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2012-2177 · Cited by 414
Family intervention for schizophrenia
Pharoah, F., Mari, J. D. J., Rathbone, J., & Wong, W. (2010) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000088.pub3 · Cited by 405
Seclusion and restraint for people with serious mental illnesses
Sailas, E. S., & Fenton, M. (2000) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001163 · Cited by 384
Electroconvulsive therapy for schizophrenia
Tharyan, P., & Adams, C. E. (2005) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000076.pub2 · Cited by 368
Olanzapine versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia
Komossa, K., Rummel‐Kluge, C., Hunger, H., Schmid, F., Schwarz, S., Duggan, L., Kissling, W., & Leucht, S. (2010) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006654.pub2 · Cited by 371
Wahlbeck, K., Cheine, M. V., Essali, A., & Adams, C. E. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.7.990 · Cited by 357
Music therapy for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like disorders
Geretsegger, M., Mössler, K. A., Bieleninik, Ł., Chen, X., Heldal, T. O., & Gold, C. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004025.pub4 · Cited by 357
Detecting the skewness of data from the five-number summary and its application in meta-analysis
Shi, J., Luo, D., Wan, X., Liu, Y., Liu, J., Bian, Z., & Tong, T. (2023) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/09622802231172043 · Cited by 377
“For this issue, Altman and Bland17 also discussed in their short note as follows: “When authors present data in the form of a histogram or scatter diagram then readers can see at a glance whether the distributional assumption is met.”
BackgroundClozapine versus typical neuroleptic medication for schizophrenia
Essali, A., Hasan, N. A., Li, C., & Rathbone, J. (2009) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000059.pub2 · Cited by 335
Psychological therapies for pathological and problem gambling
Cowlishaw, S., Merkouris, S., Dowling, N., Anderson, C., Jackson, A., & Thomas, S. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008937.pub2 · Cited by 321
Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders
Kisely, S. R., & Campbell, L. A. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004408.pub4 · Cited by 321
Crisis intervention for people with severe mental illnesses
Murphy, S., Irving, C. B., Adams, C. E., & Waqar, M. U. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001087.pub5 · Cited by 321
Sertraline versus other antidepressive agents for depression
Cipriani, A., Ferla, T. L., Furukawa, T. A., Signoretti, A., Nakagawa, A., Churchill, R. C., McGuire, H., & Barbui, C. (2009) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006117.pub2 · Cited by 323
Citalopram versus other anti-depressive agents for depression
Cipriani, A., Purgato, M., Furukawa, T. A., Trespidi, C., Imperadore, G., Signoretti, A., Churchill, R. C., Watanabe, N., & Barbui, C. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006534.pub2 · Cited by 314
Exercise for anxiety disorders: systematic review
Jayakody, K., Gunadasa, S., & Hosker, C. (2014) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091287 · Cited by 310
Psychological therapies for generalised anxiety disorder
Hunot, V., Churchill, R., Teixeira, V., & Silva de Lima, M. (2007) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001848.pub4 · Cited by 315
van Dessel, N., den Boeft, M., van der Wouden, J. C., Kleinstäuber, M., Leone, S. S., Terluin, B., Numans, M. E., van der Horst, H. E., & van Marwijk, H. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011142.pub2 · Cited by 302
Panagioti, M., Richardson, G. A., Small, N., Murray, E., Rogers, A. E., Kennedy, A. P., Newman, S. P., & Bower, P. (2014) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/1472-6963-14-356 · Cited by 300
Μαρκοπούλου, Π., Papanikolaou, E., Analytis, A., Zoumakis, E., & Siahanidou, T. (2019) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.02.041 · Cited by 312
Wiebe, N., Vandermeer, B., Platt, R. W., Klassen, T. P., Moher, D., & Barrowman, N. J. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2005.08.017 · Cited by 297
Vocational rehabilitation for people with severe mental illness
Crowther, R., Marshall, M., Bond, G. R., & Huxley, P. J. (2001) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003080 · Cited by 293
Aripiprazole for schizophrenia
El-Sayeh, H. G. G., & Morganti, C. (2006) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004578.pub3 · Cited by 291
Maintenance treatment with antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia
Leucht, S., Tardy, M., Komossa, K., Heres, S., Kissling, W., & Davis, J. M. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008016.pub2 · Cited by 293
Nosè, M., Ballette, F., Bighelli, I., Turrini, G., Purgato, M., Tol, W., Priebe, S., & Barbui, C. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0171030 · Cited by 276
Psychosocial Interventions for People With Both Severe Mental Illness and Substance Misuse
Hunt, G. E., Siegfried, N., Morley, K. C., Sitharthan, T., & Cleary, M. L. (2013) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbt160 · Cited by 282
Case management for people with severe mental disorders
Marshall, M., Gray, A. M., Lockwood, A., & Green, R. (1998) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000050 · Cited by 275
RetractedHydroxyzine for generalised anxiety disorder
Guaiana, G., Barbui, C., & Cipriani, A. (2010) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006815.pub2 · Cited by 283
Guaiana, G., Barbui, C., & Hotopf, M. H. (2007) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004186.pub2 · Cited by 273
Cognitive behaviour therapy for schizophrenia
Jones, C., Cormac, I., Silveira da Mota Neto, J. I., & Campbell, C. (2004) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000524.pub2 · Cited by 269
RetractedAdjunctive Psychotherapy for Bipolar Disorder
Miklowitz, D. J., Efthimiou, O., Furukawa, T. A., Scott, J. L., McLaren, R., Geddes, J. R., & Cipriani, A. (2020) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.2993 · Cited by 298
Mansournia, M. A., Collins, P. G. S., Nielsen, R. O., Nazemipour, M., Jewell, N. P., Altman, D. G., & Campbell, M. J. (2021) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2020-103652 · Cited by 268
Intensive case management for severe mental illness
Dieterich, M., Irving, C. B., Bergman, H., Khokhar, M. A., Park, B., & Marshall, M. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007906.pub3 · Cited by 271
Light therapy for non-seasonal depression
Tuunainen, A., Kripke, D. F., & Endo, T. (2004) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004050.pub2 · Cited by 261
Quetiapine versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia
Komossa, K., Rummel‐Kluge, C., Schmid, F., Hunger, H., Schwarz, S., Srisurapanont, M., Kissling, W., & Leucht, S. (2010) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006625.pub2 · Cited by 261
Turrini, G., Purgato, M., Acarturk, C., Anttila, M., Au, T., Ballette, F., Bird, M., Carswell, K., Churchill, R., Cuijpers, P., et al. (2019) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796019000027 · Cited by 258
“When only p or standard error values were reported, standard deviations were calculated according to Altman and Bland (1996, 2011).”
MethodFluoxetine versus other types of pharmacotherapy for depression
Magni, L. R., Purgato, M., Gastaldon, C., Papola, D., Furukawa, T. A., Cipriani, A., & Barbui, C. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004185.pub3 · Cited by 255
Valproic acid, valproate and divalproex in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder
Cipriani, A., Reid, K. S., Young, A. H., Macritchie, K., & Geddes, J. R. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003196.pub2 · Cited by 248
Haloperidol versus placebo for schizophrenia
Irving, C. B., Adams, C. E., & Lawrie, S. M. (2006) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003082.pub2 · Cited by 247
Psychological interventions for antisocial personality disorder
Gibbon, S., Duggan, C. F., Stoffers‐Winterling, J., Huband, N., Vӧllm, B., Ferriter, M., & Lieb, K. (2010) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007668.pub2 · Cited by 264
Duggan, L., Fenton, M., Rathbone, J., Dardennes, R. M., El-Dosoky, A., & Indran, S. K. (2005) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001359.pub2 · Cited by 244
Ziprasidone versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia
Komossa, K., Rummel‐Kluge, C., Hunger, H., Schwarz, S., Bhoopathi, P. S., Kissling, W., & Leucht, S. (2009) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006627.pub2 · Cited by 243
“…when multiplied by two, was more than the mean (as otherwise the mean is unlikely to be an appropriate measure of the centre of the distribution, Altman 1996). b) If a scale started from a positive value (such as PANSS which can have values from 30 to 210) the calculation described above was…”
BackgroundChlorpromazine versus placebo for schizophrenia
Adams, C. E., Awad, G. A., Rathbone, J., & Thornley, B. (2007) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000284.pub2 · Cited by 241
Spinal immobilisation for trauma patients
Kwan, I., Bunn, F., & Roberts, I. G. (2001) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002803 · Cited by 238
Gillies, D., Taylor, F., Gray, C., O'Brien, L., & D'Abrew, N. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006726.pub2 · Cited by 239
Artesunate versus quinine for treating severe malaria
Sinclair, D., Donegan, S., Isba, R., & Lalloo, D. G. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005967.pub4 · Cited by 236
Psychoeducation for schizophrenia
Pekkala, E. T., & Merinder, L. B. (2002) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002831 · Cited by 235
Trifluoperazine for schizophrenia
Marques, L. D. O., Soares, B. G., & de Lima, M. S. (2004) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003545.pub2 · Cited by 231
Meditation therapy for anxiety disorders
Krisanaprakornkit, T., Sriraj, W., Piyavhatkul, N., & Laopaiboon, M. (2006) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004998.pub2 · Cited by 240
Malone, D., Marriott, S. V. L., Newton‐Howes, G., Simmonds, S., & Tyrer, P. J. (2007) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000270.pub2 · Cited by 228
Meta-analysis of cardiovascular disease risk markers in women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Toulis, K. A., Goulis, D. G., Mintziori, G., Kintiraki, E., Eukarpidis, E., Mouratoglou, S., Pavlaki, A., Stergianos, S., Poulasouchidou, M., Tzellos, T., et al. (2011) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmr025 · Cited by 229
Interventions to reduce weight gain in schizophrenia
Faulkner, G., Cohn, T. A., & Remington, G. J. (2007) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005148.pub2 · Cited by 226
Chakrabarti, A., Bagnall, A., Chue, P. S., Fenton, M., Palanisamy, V., Wong, W., & Xia, J. (2007) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001943.pub2 · Cited by 222
Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis-induced aggression
Huf, G., Alexander, J., Allen, M. H., & Raveendran, N. S. (2009) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005146.pub2 · Cited by 223
Stokes, J., Panagioti, M., Alam, R., Checkland, K., Cheraghi‐Sohi, S., & Bower, P. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0132340 · Cited by 234
“than twice the standard deviation), indicating that the mean reported is not a good indicator of the centre of the distribution [115].”
BackgroundMidwife‐led versus other models of care for childbearing women
Hatem, M., Sandall, J., Devane, D., Soltani, H., & Gates, S. (2008) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004667.pub2 · Cited by 621
The Effect of Exercise on Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Carter, T., Morres, I. D., Meade, O., & Callaghan, P. (2016) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.04.016 · Cited by 213
Barbui, C., Cipriani, A., Patel, V., Ayuso‐Mateos, J. L., & van Ommeren, M. (2011) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.076448 · Cited by 216
Paliperidone Palmitate for Schizophrenia
Nussbaum, A. M., & Stroup, T. S. (2012) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs099 · Cited by 220
Colloid solutions for fluid resuscitation
Bunn, F., Alderson, P., & Hawkins, V. (2003) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001319 · Cited by 217
Purgato, M., Gastaldon, C., Papola, D., van Ommeren, M., Barbui, C., & Tol, W. A. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011849.pub2 · Cited by 215
“When only the standard error, t-statistics, or P values were reported, we calculated standard deviations according to Altman (Altman 1996).”
MethodThioridazine for schizophrenia
Fenton, M., Rathbone, J., & Reilly, J. G. (2007) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001944.pub2 · Cited by 210
Fluvoxamine versus other anti-depressive agents for depression
Omori, I. M., Watanabe, N., Nakagawa, A., Cipriani, A., Barbui, C., McGuire, H., Churchill, R. C., & Furukawa, T. A. (2010) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006114.pub2 · Cited by 213
Glutamatergic drugs for schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Tuominen, H. J., Tiihonen, J., & Wahlbeck, K. (2004) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2004.05.005 · Cited by 209
“The standard deviation multiplied by two should be less than the mean, otherwise the mean does not represent the center of the distribution for a scale starting at zero (Altman and Bland, 1996).”
BackgroundCan stand‐alone computer‐based interventions reduce alcohol consumption? A systematic review
Khadjesari, Z., Murray, E., Hewitt, C., Hartley, S., & Godfrey, C. (2011) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03214.x · Cited by 208
Sulpiride augmentation for schizophrenia
Wang, J., Omori, I. M., Fenton, M., & Soares, B. G. (2010) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008125.pub2 · Cited by 206
Haloperidol versus chlorpromazine for schizophrenia
Leucht, C., Kitzmantel, M., Kane, J. M., Leucht, S., & Chua, W. L. L. (2008) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004278.pub2 · Cited by 206
Amisulpride versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia
Komossa, K., Rummel‐Kluge, C., Hunger, H., Schmid, F., Schwarz, S., Neto, J. I. S. D. M., Kissling, W., & Leucht, S. (2010) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006624.pub2 · Cited by 207
Pillinger, T., Osimo, E. F., Brugger, S., Mondelli, V., McCutcheon, R. A., & Howes, O. D. (2019) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sby160 · Cited by 190
“61,88 The skew ratio of each immune parameter for patients and controls was determined using the following calculation: lowest possible value for each parameter subtracted from observed mean, divided by standard deviation.”
Oxcarbazepine for acute affective episodes in bipolar disorder
Vasudev, A., Macritchie, K., Vasudev, K., Watson, S., Geddes, J. R., & Young, A. H. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004857.pub2 · Cited by 198
Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents
James, A. C., Soler, A., & Weatherall, R. R. (2005) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004690.pub2 · Cited by 215
Oral paliperidone for schizophrenia
Nussbaum, A. M., & Stroup, T. S. (2008) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006369.pub2 · Cited by 195
Depot perphenazine decanoate and enanthate for schizophrenia
David, A. S., Quraishi, S. N., & Rathbone, J. (2005) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001717.pub2 · Cited by 196
Depot fluphenazine decanoate and enanthate for schizophrenia
David, A. S., Adams, C. E., Eisenbruch, M., Quraishi, S. N., & Rathbone, J. (2003) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000307 · Cited by 195
Quetiapine versus typical antipsychotic medications for schizophrenia
Suttajit, S., Srisurapanont, M., Xia, J., Suttajit, S., Maneeton, B., & Maneeton, N. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007815.pub2 · Cited by 194
Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses
Rathbone, J., & McMonagle, T. (2007) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001949.pub2 · Cited by 191
Escitalopram versus other antidepressive agents for depression
Cipriani, A., Santilli, C., Furukawa, T. A., Signoretti, A., Nakagawa, A., McGuire, H., Churchill, R., & Barbui, C. (2009) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006532.pub2 · Cited by 190
Carbamazepine for schizophrenia and schizoaffective psychoses
Leucht, S., McGrath, J. J., White, P., & Kissling, W. (2002) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001258 · Cited by 190
Zuclopenthixol acetate in the treatment of acute schizophrenia and similar serious mental illnesses
Fenton, M., Coutinho, E., & Campbell, C. (2001) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000525 · Cited by 190
Wang, Y., Xia, J., Helfer, B., Li, C., & Leucht, S. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004028.pub4 · Cited by 188
Zuclopenthixol decanoate for schizophrenia and other serious mental illnesses
Coutinho, E. S. F., Fenton, M., & Quraishi, S. N. (1999) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001164 · Cited by 189
Molindone for schizophrenia and severe mental illness.
Bagnall, A., Fenton, M., Lewis, R., Leitner, M., & Kleijnen, J. (2007) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002083.pub2 · Cited by 30
Supported employment for adults with severe mental illness
Kinoshita, Y., Furukawa, T. A., Omori, I. M., Watanabe, N., Marshall, M., Bond, G. R., Huxley, P. J., & Kingdon, D. (2010) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008297 · Cited by 188
Clozapine versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia
Lobos, C. A., Komossa, K., Rummel‐Kluge, C., Hunger, H., Schmid, F., Schwarz, S., & Leucht, S. (2010) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006633.pub2 · Cited by 196
Chlorpromazine dose for people with schizophrenia
Liu, X., & Haan, S. D. (2009) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007778 · Cited by 187
Metadata
- Authors
- Altman, D. G., & Bland, J. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- ORCID
- Altman, Douglas G
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 1996-11-09
- Volume
- 313
- Issue
- 7066
- Pages
- 1200.1
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- 1468-5833
- PMC
- PMC2352469
- OpenAlex
- W1591259115
- Cited by
- 1,278
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 70 · 2015: 72 · 2014: 79 · 2013: 70 · 2012: 87
- FWCI
- 5.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.bmj.com/company/legal-information/terms-conditions/legal-information/tdm-licencepolicy (tdm)
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Asthma and respiratory diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Keywords
- airway resistance, interrupter technique, coefficient of variation, bronchodilator responsiveness, salbutamol, pediatric respiratory symptoms, measurement standardization, skewness
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
