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Variations in population health status: results from a United Kingdom national questionnaire survey
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Abstract Objective: To measure the health of a representative sample of the population of the United Kingdom by using the EuroQoL EQ-5D questionnaire. Design: Stratified random sample representative of the general population aged 18 and over and living in the community. Setting: United Kingdom. Subjects: 3395 people resident in the United Kingdom. Main outcome measures: Average values for mobility, self care, usual activities, pain or discomfort, and anxiety or depression. Results: One in three respondents reported problems with pain or discomfort. There were differences in the perception of health according to the respondent9s age, social class, education, housing tenure, economic position, and smoking behaviour. Conclusions: The EQ-5D questionnaire is a practical way of measuring the health of a population and of detecting differences in subgroups of the population. Key messages Measurement of health outcome requires the observation of states of health Patients9 involvement in recording and assessing their own state of health is a major element in the process of evaluating the impact of health care The EuroQoL EQ-5D questionnaire highlights variations in states of health which are consistent with previously published results High degrees of pain are reported in the general population. A category for pain is absent and thus undetected in the survey of disability by the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys
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“Substantial use of the instrument has shown that it can suffer from ceiling effects, particularly when used in general population surveys but also in some patient population settings [2–8].”
From Development and preliminary testing of the new five-level version of EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L) (2011) · cites this paper as [6]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kind, P., Dolan, P., Gudex, C., & Williams, A.
- Affiliations
- University of York (GB)
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 1998-03-07
- Volume
- 316
- Issue
- 7133
- Pages
- 736-741
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- 1468-5833
- PMC
- PMC28477
- OpenAlex
- W2081557449
- Cited by
- 1,059
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 68 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 51
- FWCI
- 61.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Health and Medical Studies
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Keywords
- population health status, EQ-5D, health-related quality of life, pain and discomfort, mobility (physical function), self-care, usual activities, anxiety and depression, socioeconomic inequalities in health, age differences, smoking, housing tenure, health outcome measurement
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Analysis of Variance, Educational Status, Female, United Kingdom, Persons with Disabilities, Health Status, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Marriage, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Smoking, Social Class, Socioeconomic Factors, Sex Distribution
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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