Fortnightly review: Acute dystonia induced by drug treatment

Abstract

Acute dystonia induced by drug treatment can be a side effect of treatment with antipsychotic drugs and other drugs, and it may occur at an early stage of treatment.1 2 Acute dystonia is often frightening and may seriously disturb the relationship between the doctor and the patient. Therefore, every doctor who prescribes dopamine blocking agents should be familiar with the prevalence of and the risk factors for acute dystonia and should know how to prevent and treat the condition. #### Summary points Acute dystonia induced by drug treatment can be caused by antipsychotic, antiemetic, and antidepressant drugs Acute dystonia caused by drug treatment can seriously disturb the relationship between doctor and patient and should be prevented Patients who develop abnormal positioning or muscle spasms within seven days of starting drug treatment or of a rapid increase in the dose of a drug may be diagnosed with acute, drug induced dystonia Biperiden 5 mg should be administered intramuscularly to treat the condition; this is nearly always effective within 20 minutes Risk factors for acute, drug induced dystonia include young age, male sex, use of cocaine, and a history of acute dystonia Drug induced dystonia can be prevented either by adding, during the first four to seven days of treatment, anticholinergic drugs to treatment with antipsychotic drugs or by starting treatment with atypical antipsychotics We searched Medline and Embase for the period 1980-98 using the key terms extrapyramidal syndromes, dyskinesia, dystonia, movement disorders, side effects, and antipsychotics, and we checked the reference lists of the articles that we identified. This information supplemented our own research into extrapyramidal side effects induced by antipsychotic drugs.3–5 Acute dystonia induced by antipsychotic drugs is described as “sustained abnormal postures or muscle spasms that develop within seven days of starting or rapidly raising the dose of …