Cited by 250Suicide and Self-Harm StudiesHealth disparities and outcomesHomicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Ecological study of social fragmentation, poverty, and suicide

Open access

Whitley, E., Gunnell, D., Dorling, D., Smith, G. D.·1999·BMJ

DOI 10.1136/bmj.319.7216.1034PMC PMC28254

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

Abstract Objectives: To investigate the association between suicide and area based measures of deprivation and social fragmentation. Design: Ecological study. Setting: 633 parliamentary constituencies of Great Britain as defined in 1991. Main outcome measures: Age and sex specific mortality rates for suicide and all other causes for 1981-92. Results: Mortality from suicide and all other causes increased with increasing Townsend deprivation score, social fragmentation score, and abstention from voting in all age and sex groups. Suicide mortality was most strongly related to social fragmentation, whereas deaths from other causes were more closely associated with Townsend score. Constituencies with absolute increases in social fragmentation and Townsend scores between 1981 and 1991 tended to have greater increases in suicide rates over the same period. The relation between change in social fragmentation and suicide was largely independent of Townsend score, whereas the association with Townsend score was generally reduced after adjustment for social fragmentation. Conclusions: Suicide rates are more strongly associated with measures of social fragmentation than with poverty at a constituency level. Key messages Place of residence may affect health, and mortality from most common diseases tends to be higher in areas characterised by low socioeconomic position Research dating back over 100 years suggests that social fragmentation may influence suicide In the 1980s and 1990s, parliamentary constituencies with high levels of social fragmentation had high rates of suicide, independent of deprivation Constituencies with the greatest increases in social fragmentation between 1981 and 1991 also had the greatest increases in suicide rates over the same period Any targeting of suicide prevention may be more effective if aimed at socially fragmented rather than deprived areas

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1136/bmj.319.7216.1034

Cites

35 of 35 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

An Analysis of Transformations
Box, G. E. P., & Cox, D. R. (1964) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B (Statistical Methodology) · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1964.tb00553.x · Cited by 15,356
Suicide: A study in sociology.
Durkheim, É. (2004) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10406-003 · Cited by 3,944
Suicide: A Study in Sociology.
Alpert, H., Durkheim, É., Spaulding, J. A., Simpson, G. L., Solovay, S. A., Mueller, J. H., & Catlin, G. (1951) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2088294 · Cited by 3,910
Health and Deprivation: Inequality and the North
Townsend, P. D., Phillimore, P., & Beattie, A. (1987) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 1,473
Area, Class and Health: Should we be Focusing on Places or People?
MacIntyre, S., Maciver, S., & Sooman, A. (1993) · Journal of Social Policy · doi:10.1017/s0047279400019310 · Cited by 1,068
Health and deprivation. Inequality and the North
Mackenbach, J. P. (1988) · Health Policy · doi:10.1016/0168-8510(88)90006-1 · Cited by 672
The natural history of tuberculosis: the implications of age-dependent risks of disease and the role of reinfection
Vynnycky, E., & Fine, P. (1997) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s0950268897007917 · Cited by 562
Individual social class, area-based deprivation, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and mortality: the Renfrew and Paisley Study.
Smith, G. D., Hart, C., Watt, G. C. M., Hole, D. J., & Hawthorne, V. M. (1998) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.52.6.399 · Cited by 540
Self-citation
Ecological Bias, Confounding, and Effect Modification
GREENLAND, S., & MORGENSTERN, H. (1989) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/18.1.269 · Cited by 540
Widening inequality of health in northern England, 1981-91
Phillimore, P., Beattie, A., & Townsend, P. (1994) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.308.6937.1125 · Cited by 370

Show all 35 references

Research works printed but not linked: 1

Davey Smith G, Dorling D. Associations between voting patterns and mortality remain. BMJ 1997;315:430-1.

Sorted by citations

Unemployment and suicide. Evidence for a causal association?
Blakely, T. A., Collings, S. C., & Atkinson, J. (2003) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.57.8.594 · Cited by 543
The association between suicide and the socio-economic characteristics of geographical areas: a systematic review
REHKOPF, D. H., & BUKA, S. L. (2006) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170500588x · Cited by 471
Children's health-related quality of life, neighbourhood socio-economic deprivation and social capital. A contextual analysis
Drukker, M., Kaplan, C. D., FERON, F. J. M., & van Os, J. (2003) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00453-7 · Cited by 322
Suicidal action, emotional expression, and the performance of masculinities
Cleary, A. (2012) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.08.002 · Cited by 291
A Review of the Literature on Rural Suicide
Hirsch, J. K. (2006) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910.27.4.189 · Cited by 283
“It's as if you’re locked in”: qualitative explanations for area effects on smoking in disadvantaged communities
Stead, M., MacAskill, S., MacKintosh, A. M., Reece, J., & Eadie, D. R. (2001) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/s1353-8292(01)00025-9 · Cited by 275
Why are suicide rates rising in young men but falling in the elderly?—a time-series analysis of trends in England and Wales 1950–1998
Gunnell, D., Middleton, N., Whitley, E., Dorling, D., & Frankel, S. (2003) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00408-2 · Cited by 267
Self-citation
Socioeconomic Inequalities in Injury: Critical Issues in Design and Analysis
Cubbin, C., & Smith, G. S. (2002) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.23.100901.140548 · Cited by 263
Self-citation
Ecological Inference and the Ecological Fallacy
Freedman, D. A. (1999) · UC Berkeley · Cited by 251
Is modern Western culture a health hazard?
Eckersley, R. (2005) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyi235 · Cited by 240
Contextual factors associated with county-level suicide rates in the United States, 1999 to 2016
Steelesmith, D. L., Fontanella, C. A., Campo, J. V., Bridge, J. A., Warren, K. L., & Root, E. D. (2019) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.10936 · Cited by 184
The relationship between suicide rates and age: an analysis of multinational data from the World Health Organization
Shah, A. K. (2007) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610207005285 · Cited by 189
Análise epidemiológica do suicídio no Brasil entre 1980 e 2006
Lovisi, G. M., Santos, S. A., Legay, L. F., Abelha, L., & Valencia, E. (2009) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/s1516-44462009000600007 · Cited by 180
The influence of the economic and social environment on deliberate self-harm and suicide: an ecological and person-based study
HAWTON, K., HARRISS, L., HODDER, K., SIMKIN, S., & GUNNELL, D. (2001) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291701003993 · Cited by 172
Self-citation
Poverty, social stress & mental health.
Kuruvilla, A., & Jacob, K. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 165
Suicidal Behaviour and Related Risk Factors among School-Aged Youth in the Republic of Benin
Randall, J. R., Doku, D. T., Wilson, M. L., & Peltzer, K. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088233 · Cited by 158
Social capital, geography and health: a small-area analysis for England
Mohan, J., Twigg, L., Barnard, S., & Jones, K. (2004) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.06.050 · Cited by 152
Short-term effects of moving from public housing in poor to middle-class neighborhoods on low-income, minority adults’ outcomes
Fauth, R. C., Leventhal, T., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2004) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.03.020 · Cited by 140
The effect of macroeconomic variables on suicide
BERK, M., Dodd, S., & Henry, M. J. (2005) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291705006665 · Cited by 131
Urban–rural differences in suicide trends in young adults: England and Wales, 1981–1998
Middleton, N., Gunnell, D., Frankel, S., Whitley, E., & Dorling, D. (2003) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00496-3 · Cited by 130
Self-citation
Relationship of the Perceived Social and Physical Environment with Mental Health-Related Quality of Life in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: Mediating Effects of Physical Activity
Dyck, D. V., Teychenne, M. J., McNaughton, S. A., Bourdeaudhuij, I. D., & Salmon, J. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0120475 · Cited by 142
Measuring the Social Environment: Social Cohesion and Material Deprivation in English and Scottish Neighbourhoods
Stafford, M., Bartley, M., Sacker, A., Marmot, M. G., Wilkinson, R. G., Boreham, R., & Thomas, R. (2003) · Environment and Planning A Economy and Space · doi:10.1068/a35257 · Cited by 128
Combining individual and ecological data to determine compositional and contextual socio-economic risk factors for suicide
Agerbo, E., Sterne, J. A. C., & Gunnell, D. (2006) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.08.043 · Cited by 124
Self-citation
Geography of suicide in Taiwan: Spatial patterning and socioeconomic correlates
Chang, S., Sterne, J. A. C., Wheeler, B. W., Lu, T., Lin, J., & Gunnell, D. (2011) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2011.01.003 · Cited by 123
Self-citation
The Association Between the Fear of Crime, and Mental and Physical Wellbeing in New Zealand
Pearson, A. L., & Breetzke, G. D. (2013) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-013-0489-2 · Cited by 105
The ecological relationship between deprivation, social isolation and rates of hospital admission for acute psychiatric care: a comparison of London and New York City
Curtis, S. E., Copeland, A., Fagg, J., Congdon, P. D., Almog, M., & FITZPATRICK, J. (2004) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2004.07.002 · Cited by 105
Heavy Drinking and Suicide in Russia
Pridemore, W. A. (2006) · Social Forces · doi:10.1353/sof.2006.0138 · Cited by 104
Measuring Contextual Characteristics for Community Health
Hillemeier, M. M., Lynch, J. W., Harper, S. B., & Casper, M. L. (2003) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6773.2003.00198.x · Cited by 106
Relationship between service ecology, special observation and self-harm during acute in-patient care: City-128 study
Bowers, L., Whittington, R., Nolan, P. W., Parkin, D., Curtis, S. E., Bhui, K. S., Hackney, D., Allan, T. F., & Simpson, A. (2008) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.037721 · Cited by 100
Economic Grand Rounds: Income Inequality and Depression Prevalence Across the United States: An Ecological Study
Messias, E., Eaton, W. W., & Grooms, A. N. (2011) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.62.7.pss6207_0710 · Cited by 99
The geography of despair among 15–44-year-old men in England and Wales: putting suicide on the map
Middleton, N., Sterne, J. A. C., & Gunnell, D. (2006) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2005.045302 · Cited by 96
Self-citation
Area based measures of social and economic circumstances: cause specific mortality patterns depend on the choice of index: Table 1
Smith, G. D., Whitley, E., Dorling, D., & Gunnell, D. (2001) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.55.2.149 · Cited by 91
Self-citation
Ecological analysis of ethnic differences in relation between tuberculosis and poverty
Hawker, J. I., Bakhshi, S. S., Ali, S., & Farrington, P. (1999) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7216.1031 · Cited by 90
Suicide prevention: A study of patients' views
Eagles, J., Carson, D. P., Begg, A., & Naji, S. A. (2003) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.182.3.261 · Cited by 90
The epidemiology of suicide
Gunnell, D. (2000) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540260074076 · Cited by 90
Self-citation
The Long-Term Effects of Moving to Opportunity on Youth OutcomesPreprint
Gennetian, L. A., Sciandra, M., Sanbonmatsu, L., Ludwig, J., Katz, L. F., Duncan, G. J., Kling, J. R., & Kessler, R. C. (2012) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 90
The geography of self-injury: Spatial patterns in attempted and completed suicide
Hempstead, K. (2006) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.11.038 · Cited by 87
When does neighbourhood matter? Multilevel relationships between neighbourhood social fragmentation and mental health
Ivory, V. C., Collings, S. C., Blakely, T. A., & Dew, K. P. (2011) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.04.015 · Cited by 80
“Geography of suicide in Hong Kong: Spatial patterning, and socioeconomic correlates and inequalities”
Hsu, C., Chang, S., Lee, E., & YIP, P. S. F. (2015) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.02.019 · Cited by 77
Social-Environmental Factors and Suicide Mortality: A Narrative Review of over 200 Articles
Milner, A. J., Hjelmeland, H., Arensman, E., & Leo, D. D. (2013) · Sociology Mind · doi:10.4236/sm.2013.32021 · Cited by 82
Measuring Poverty in Britain as a Multi-dimensional Concept, 1991 to 2003
Tomlinson, M., Walker, R., & Williams, G. A. (2008) · Journal of Social Policy · doi:10.1017/s0047279408002237 · Cited by 76
Suicide Rate Differences by Sex, Age, and Urbanicity, and Related Regional Factors in Korea
Cheong, K.-S., Choi, M.-H., Cho, B.-M., Yoon, T., Kim, C., Kim, Y., & Hwang, I.-K. (2012) · Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.3961/jpmph.2012.45.2.70 · Cited by 77
The Effects of Area and Individual Social Characteristics on Suicide Risk: A Multilevel Study of Relative Contribution and Effect Modification
Martikainen, P., M�ki, N., & Blomgren, J. (2004) · European Journal of Population / Revue européenne de Démographie · doi:10.1007/s10680-004-3807-1 · Cited by 72
A cross-national study of the relationship between elderly suicide rates and life expectancy and markers of socioeconomic status and health care
Shah, A. K., Bhat, R. S., Mackenzie, S., & Koen, C. (2007) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610207005352 · Cited by 72
Area factors and suicide: 5-year follow-up of the Northern Ireland population
O’Reilly, D., Rosato, M., Connolly, S., & Cardwell, C. R. (2008) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.040360 · Cited by 71
Suicide Outside the Care of Mental Health Services
Owens, C. V., Booth, N. J., Briscoe, M., Lawrence, C. J., & Lloyd, K. R. (2003) · Crisis · doi:10.1027//0227-5910.24.3.113 · Cited by 71
Youth Suicide Trends in Australian Metropolitan and Non-Metropolitan Areas, 1988–1997
Wilkinson, D., & Gunnell, D. (2000) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2000.00812.x · Cited by 71
Self-citation
Neighbourhood characteristics and trajectories of health functioning: a multilevel prospective analysis
Stafford, M., Gimeno, D., & Marmot, M. G. (2008) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckn091 · Cited by 69
Men, masculinities and suicidal behaviour
Canetto, S. S., & Cleary, A. (2012) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.11.001 · Cited by 68
The Spatial Pattern of Suicide in the US in Relation to Deprivation, Fragmentation and Rurality
Congdon, P. D. (2010) · Urban Studies · doi:10.1177/0042098010380961 · Cited by 67
Deaths from antidepressants in England and Wales 1993–1997: analysis of a new national database
SHAH, R., Uren, Z., Baker, A., & Majeed, A. (2001) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291701004548 · Cited by 67
Capital social e a agenda de pesquisa em epidemiologia
Pattussi, M. P., Moysés, S. J., Junges, J. R., & Sheiham, A. (2006) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/s0102-311x2006000800002 · Cited by 66
Role of individual and contextual effects in injury mortality: new evidence from small area analysis
Borrell, C., Rodríguez, M., Ferrando, J., Brugal, M. T., Pasarín, M. I., Martínez, V., & Plasència, A. (2002) · Injury Prevention · doi:10.1136/ip.8.4.297 · Cited by 65
Further increases in rural suicide in young Australian adults: Secular trends, 1979–2003
Page, A., Morrell, S. L., Taylor, R. J., Dudley, M. J., & Carter, G. L. (2007) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.03.029 · Cited by 65
The Long-Term Effects of Moving to Opportunity on Adult Health and Economic Self-Sufficiency
Sanbonmatsu, L., Marvakov, J., Potter, N. A., Yang, F., Adam, E. K., Congdon, W. J., Duncan, G. J., Gennetian, L. A., Katz, L. F., Kling, J. R., et al. (2012) · Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) · Cited by 63
Understanding cultural influences on back pain and back pain research
Henschke, N., Lorenz, E., Pokora, R. M., Michaleff, Z. A., Quartey, J., & Oliveira, V. C. (2016) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1016/j.berh.2017.08.004 · Cited by 65
‘Cultural fraud’: the role of culture in drug abuse
Eckersley, R. (2005) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1080/09595230500102590 · Cited by 62
Socio-geographic mobility and health status: A longitudinal analysis using the National Population Health Survey of Canada
Curtis, S. E., Setia, M. S., & Quesnel‐Vallée, A. (2009) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.08.004 · Cited by 62
Increasing inequalities in risk of murder in Britain: trends in the demographic and spatial distribution of murder, 1981?2000
SHAW, M. (2004) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2004.01.003 · Cited by 62
Suicide rates in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: association with socioeconomic, cultural, and agricultural factors
Faria, N. M. X., Victora, C. G., Meneghel, S. N., de Carvalho, L. A., & Falk, J. W. (2006) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/s0102-311x2006001200011 · Cited by 61
Psychosocial factors and public health
Singh‐Manoux, A. (2003) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.57.8.553 · Cited by 62
THE PUBLIC HEALTH OBSERVATORY HANDBOOK OF HEALTH INEQUALITIES MEASUREMENT
Carr‐Hill, R., Chalmers-Dixon, P., & Lin, J. (2005) · University Libraries (University of Maryland) · doi:10.13016/dcnd-excn · Cited by 62
Contextual effects of social fragmentation and material deprivation on risk of myocardial infarction--results from the Stockholm Heart Epidemiology Program (SHEEP)
Stjärne, M. K. (2004) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyh087 · Cited by 61
Urban Area Disadvantage and Under-5 Mortality in Nigeria: The Effect of Rapid Urbanization
Antai, D., & Moradi, T. (2010) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.0901306 · Cited by 60
Suicide: the spatial and social components of despair in Britain 1980–2000
Dorling, D., & Gunnell, D. (2003) · Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers · doi:10.1111/j.0020-2754.2003.00103.x · Cited by 61
Self-citation
Elderly suicide rates: cross-national comparisons and association with sex and elderly age-bands
Shah, A. K., Bhat, R. S., McKenzie, S., & Koen, C. (2007) · Medicine Science and the Law · doi:10.1258/rsmmsl.47.3.244 · Cited by 60
The ecological association between suicide rates and indices of deprivation in English local authorities
Rezaeian, M., Dunn, G., Leger, S. S., & Appleby, L. (2005) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-005-0960-x · Cited by 57
Suicidal Expression among School-Attending Adolescents in a Middle-Income Sub-Saharan Country
Wilson, M. L., Dunlavy, A. C., Viswanathan, B., & Bovet, P. (2012) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph9114122 · Cited by 56
Deliberate self-harm in rural and urban regions: A comparative study of prevalence and patient characteristics
Harriss, L., & Hawton, K. (2011) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.05.011 · Cited by 56
Suicidal Masculinities
Scourfield, J. (2005) · Sociological Research Online · doi:10.5153/sro.1057 · Cited by 56
Income Inequality and Risk of Suicide in New York City Neighborhoods: A Multilevel Case‐Control Study
Miller, J. R., Piper, T. M., Ahern, J., Tracy, M., Tardiff, K. J., Vlahov, D., & Galea, S. (2005) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.2005.35.4.448 · Cited by 54
Using Administrative Data to Predict Suicide After Psychiatric Hospitalization in the Veterans Health Administration System
Kessler, R. C., Bauer, M. S., Bishop, T. M., Demler, O. V., Dobscha, S. K., Gildea, S. M., Goulet, J. L., Karras, E., Kreyenbuhl, J., Landes, S. J., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00390 · Cited by 52
Socio-economic inequalities in suicide attempts and suicide mortality in Québec, Canada, 1990–2005
Burrows, S., Auger, N., Roy, M., & Alix, C. (2010) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2010.01.008 · Cited by 51
Suizidsterblichkeit unter Türkinnen und Türken in Deutschland
Razum, O., & Zeeb, H. (2004) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-003-1649-4 · Cited by 51
Social capital: implications from an investigation of illegal anabolic steroid networks
Maycock, B. R., & Howat, P. A. (2006) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cym022 · Cited by 49
Psychiatric illness, socioeconomic status, and marital status in people committing suicide: a matched case-sibling-control study
Agerbo, E., Qin, P., & Mortensen, P. B. (2006) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2005.042903 · Cited by 49
Trends in suicide from drug overdose in the elderly in England and Wales, 1993–1999
Shah, R., Uren, Z., Baker, A., & Majeed, A. (2002) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.625 · Cited by 49
Self-poisoning in rural Sri Lanka: small-area variations in incidence
Manuel, C., Gunnell, D., van der Hoek, W., Dawson, A. H., Wijeratne, I. K., & Konradsen, F. (2008) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-26 · Cited by 48
Self-citation
Are recent increases in deliberate self-harm associated with changes in socio-economic conditions? An ecological analysis of patterns of deliberate self-harm in Bristol 1972–3 and 1995–6
Gunnell, D. J., SHEPHERD, M., & EVANS, M. (2000) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291799002688 · Cited by 48
Self-citation
Elderly suicide rates: cross-national comparisons of trends over a 10-year period
Shah, A. K., Bhat, R. S., Mackenzie, S., & Koen, C. (2007) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610207006266 · Cited by 47
Completed Suicide and Marital Status According to the Italian Region of Origin
Masocco, M., Pompili, M., Vanacore, N., Innamorati, M., Lester, D., Girardi, P., Tatarelli, R., & Vichi, M. (2009) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-009-9118-2 · Cited by 46
Population density and suicide in Scotland
Stark, C. R., Hopkins, P., Gibbs, D., Belbin, A., & Hay, A. G. (2007) · Rural and Remote Health · doi:10.22605/rrh672 · Cited by 45
Social disorganization/social fragmentation and risk of depression among older people in Japan: Multilevel investigation of indices of social distance
Takagi, D., Kondo, K., Kondo, N., Cable, N., Ikeda, K., & Kawachi, I. I. (2013) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.01.001 · Cited by 45
Factors Influencing the Frequency of Emergency Department Utilization by Individuals with Substance Use Disorders
Huỳnh, C., Ferland, F., Blanchette-Martin, N., Ménard, J.-M., & Fleury, M. (2016) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-016-9422-6 · Cited by 44
Changes in the geography of suicide in young men: England and Wales 1981–2005
Gunnell, D., Wheeler, B. W., Chang, S.-S., Thomas, B., Sterne, J. A. C., & Dorling, D. (2010) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2009.104000 · Cited by 43
Self-citation
Psychosocial protective factors and suicidal ideation: Results from a national longitudinal study of veterans
Elbogen, E. B., Molloy, K., Wagner, H. R., Kimbrel, N. A., Beckham, J. C., Male, L. M. V., Leinbach, J., & Bradford, D. W. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.062 · Cited by 41
Ecological association between suicide rates and indices of deprivation in the north west region of England: the importance of the size of the administrative unit
Rezaeian, M., Dunn, G., Leger, S. S., & Appleby, L. (2006) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2005.043109 · Cited by 41
Spatial patterning, correlates, and inequality in suicide across 432 neighborhoods in Taipei City, Taiwan
Lin, C.-Y., Hsu, C.-Y., Gunnell, D., Chen, Y.-Y., & Chang, S.-S. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.12.011 · Cited by 39
Self-citation
Thinking life is not worth living: A population survey of Great Britain
Thomas, H. V., Crawford, M., Meltzer, H., & Lewis, G. (2002) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-002-0556-5 · Cited by 49
The Gender and Access to Health Services Study: Final Report
Wilkins, D., Payne, S., Granville, G., & Branney, P. (2008) · Leeds Beckett Repository (Leeds Beckett University) · Cited by 39
Weighing the contributions of material and social area deprivation to preterm birth
Auger, N., Park, A. L., Gamache, P., Pampalon, R., & Daniel, M. (2012) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.04.033 · Cited by 45
The area-level association between hospital-treated deliberate self-harm, deprivation and social fragmentation in Ireland
Corcoran, P. E., Arensman, E., & Perry, I. J. (2007) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2006.055855 · Cited by 39
The area level association between suicide, deprivation, social fragmentation and population density in the Republic of Ireland: a national study
O'Farrell, I. B., Corcoran, P. E., & Perry, I. J. (2016) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-016-1205-8 · Cited by 39
Exceptions to the rule: Healthy deprived areas and unhealthy wealthy areas
van Hooijdonk, C., Droomers, M., van Loon, J. A. M., van der Lucht, F., & Kunst, A. E. (2006) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.10.041 · Cited by 40
Comparison of trends in method-specific suicide rates in Australia and England & Wales, 1968-97
Wilkinson, D., & Gunnell, D. (2000) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1111/j.1467-842x.2000.tb00135.x · Cited by 38
Self-citation
Urban-Rural Differences in Major Mental Health Conditions
Solmi, F., Dykxhoorn, J. L., & Kirkbride, J. B. (2017) · Mental health and illness worldwide · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-2327-9_7 · Cited by 38
Unlinked vital events in census-based longitudinal studies can bias subsequent analysis
O’Reilly, D., Rosato, M., & Connolly, S. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.05.012 · Cited by 35
The Influence of Isolation on Stress and Suicide in Rural Areas: An international comparison
Monk, A. S. (2000) · Rural Society · doi:10.5172/rsj.10.3.393 · Cited by 35
Modelling spatially varying impacts of socioeconomic predictors on mortality outcomes
Congdon, P. D. (2003) · Journal of Geographical Systems · doi:10.1007/s10109-003-0099-7 · Cited by 34
Voting as a means of social inclusion for people with a mental illness
Nash, M. (2002) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2850.2002.00539.x · Cited by 34

Authors: Whitley, E., Gunnell, D., Dorling, D., & Smith, G. D.
Affiliations: University of Bristol (GB)
Corresponding author: Whitley, E.
ORCID: Whitley, E.
Gunnell, D.
Smith, G. D.
Venue: BMJ
Publisher: BMJ
Published: 1999-10-16
Volume: 319
Issue: 7216
Pages: 1034-1037
ISSN: 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
0959-8138
1468-5833
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.319.7216.1034
PMC: PMC28254
OpenAlex: W1996434420
Cited by: 250
References: 35
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 13
FWCI: 9.97
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: BMJ (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
Keywords: suicide, social fragmentation, poverty, area deprivation, suicide mortality, all-cause mortality, electoral abstention, parliamentary constituencies
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Poverty, Regression Analysis, Risk Factors, Social Environment, Suicide, Urban Health, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Ecological study of social fragmentation, poverty, and suicide

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks