The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Mental health of refugee children: comparative study
Open accessAbstract
In 2002, over 110 000 people entered Britain to seek asylum-a 250% increase in five years. 1 Children, who comprise at least a quarter of asylum seekers, are exposed to numerous risk factors for psychological disturbance, including exposure to violence, forced displacement, and multiple losses.2 The rates of mental health problems in refugee children are uncertain, but the few studies that have been done suggest that refugee children incur significant morbidity.2 We examined the rates of psychological disturbance in a sample of UK children who were refugees and compared them with a group of children who were from an ethnic minority but were not refugees and a group of indigenous white children.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Oftentimes, UM present with an amalgamation of symptoms without meeting a specific diagnosis [10].”
From Examining cognitive behavioral therapy interventions for unaccompanied minors: a systematic review and qualitative research synthesis. (2025) · cites this paper as [10]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Goodman, R., Ford, T., Simmons, H., Gatward, R., & Meltzer, H. (2000) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.177.6.534 · Cited by 1,818
Mental health of children and adolescents in Great Britain
Meltzer, H., Gatward, R., Goodman, R., & Ford, T. (2003) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/0954026021000046155 · Cited by 1,214
Goodman, R., Ford, T. J., Simmons, H. C., Gatward, R., & Meltzer, H. (2003) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/0954026021000046128 · Cited by 707
The mental health of refugee children
Fazel, M. S. (2002) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.87.5.366 · Cited by 469
Self-citationMental health problems of children in the community: 18 month follow up
Goodman, R., Ford, T., & Meltzer, H. (2002) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7352.1496 · Cited by 81
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–188 of 188
Issues in Safeguarding Refugee and Asylum‐seeking Children and Young People: Research and Practice
Cox, P. (2011) · Child Abuse Review · doi:10.1002/car.1200 · Cited by 10
Leth, I., Niclasen, J., Ryding, E., Baroud, Y., & Esbjarn, B. H. (2013) · Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.21307/sjcapp-2014-005 · Cited by 9
“A British study of the mental health of refugee children included a classmate control group that consisted of both ethnic minority and indigenous white children (17).”
BackgroundPierce, H. (2019) · Women s Health · doi:10.1177/1745506519861224 · Cited by 10
Morroni, D., Konstantinou, P., Gkleka, C., Kassianos, A. P., & Karekla, M. (2025) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-024-02500-z · Cited by 9
“Oftentimes, UM present with an amalgamation of symptoms without meeting a specific diagnosis [10].”
The wellbeing of refugee children in an early childhood education context: Connections and dilemmas
Shallow, N., & Whitington, V. (2014) · Journal of educational enquiry · Cited by 8
Schmees, P., Braig, J., Nilles, H., Kerkhoff, D., Demir, Z., Rueth, J., Lohaus, A., & Eschenbeck, H. (2022) · European Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1027/2512-8442/a000099 · Cited by 9
Refugee Performance: Encounters with Alterity
Balfour, M. (2012) · Journal of Arts & Communities · doi:10.1386/jaac.2.3.177_1 · Cited by 10
Parenting Practices in the Karen Refugee Community
Ballard, J., Wieling, E. A., & Dwanyen, L. (2019) · Contemporary Family Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10591-019-09509-6 · Cited by 7
Guo-Brennan, L., & Guo-Brennan, M. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-74078-2_40-1 · Cited by 7
Kuru, N., Ungar, M. T., & Akman, B. (2024) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-024-02924-w · Cited by 7
“Thus, the high rates of trauma-related mental health problems among refugee children residing in host countries (Fazel & Stein, 2003; Oppedal et al.,2018; Whitney & Peterson, 2019) make it urgent that interventions are developed to support refugee children ’ s psychological wellbeing while…”
Karadağ, M., & Gökçen, C. (2020) · Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10560-020-00684-2 · Cited by 6
Bunde‐Birouste, A., Bull, N., & McCarroll, B. (2010) · Cited by 6
Adjustment experiences of Syrian immigrant university students in Turkey
Özgür Salih, K. A. Y. A., & Keklik, İ. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01233-x · Cited by 6
Migrant Mental Health, Law, and Detention: Impacts and Alternatives
Davis, C. (2014) · International perspectives on migration · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7923-5_14 · Cited by 6
Maksimović, M., Backović, D., Maksimovic, J. M., & Kocijancic, R. (2010) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s00038-010-0211-y · Cited by 6
“Interventions in internally displaced and refugee population reviewed in literature can be classified into four types: individualbased, school-based, family-based, and community-based (Fazel and Stein 2003).”
Ferrari, M., & Fernando, C. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6375-7_20 · Cited by 6
3-year data of the refugee child mental health unit (tur)
Ünver, H., Çeri, V., Fındık, O. T. P., & Arman, A. R. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.5505/kpd.2020.57614 · Cited by 5
Understanding the mental health needs of primary school children in an inner‐city local authority
Hackett, L., Theodosiou, L. J., Bond, C., Blackburn, C., Spicer, F., & Lever, R. (2010) · Pastoral Care in Education · doi:10.1080/02643944.2010.504219 · Cited by 5
“Fazel and Stein (2003) worked with six schools in Oxford, 303 children in three study groups; asylum-seeking children, British children from ethnic minority groups and white children participated. They used teacher-completed SDQs and impact criteria, and found the prevalence of psychiatric disorder was 27% in asylum s…”
BackgroundMethodTraumatic Experience and Coping among Adolescent Refugees: A scoping review
Danga, S. D., Adebiyi, B. O., Koegler, E., Joseph, C., & Roman, N. V. (2025) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-025-00760-8 · Cited by 4
“Previous studies documented that exposure to traumatic events significantly impacts young refugees'well-being and integration into a new country (Fazel & Stein, 2003; Murray et al., 2008).”
International Displacement and Family Stress in Latin America
Weitzman, A., Huss, K., Blanton, M., Swindle, J., Camacho, G. B., & Robles, A. (2023) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x231151291 · Cited by 4
“…adults suffer from PTSD at a rate two times higher than among labor migrants and six times higher than among Swiss residents (Heeren et al., 2014); and in Britain, refugee children suffer from psychological disturbances at a rate three times higher than the national average (Fazel & Stein, 2003).”
BackgroundCox, P., & March‐McDonald, J. (2018) · Migration, minorities and modernity · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-03155-8 · Cited by 4
Raval, H. (2006) · Mental Health in Family Medicine · Cited by 4
Coping with perceived sources of discrimination: a survey on refugee children in Malaysia
Siah, P. C., Low, S. K., Lee, W. Y., Lim, Y. Y., & Tan, J. T. A. (2020) · Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies · doi:10.1080/17450128.2020.1839154 · Cited by 4
The Challenges of Psychological Assessments of Maturity
Nelki, J., Grady, P., Bailey, S., & Law, H. (2010) · doi:10.1002/9780470669785.ch5 · Cited by 4
The Situation of Children in Immigrant Families in the United Kingdom
Crawley, H. (2009) · Innocenti working papers · doi:10.18356/4103b109-en · Cited by 4
Ooi, C. S. (2013) · Figshare · Cited by 4
Ćwirynkało, K., Parchomiuk, M., Bartnikowska, U., Antoszewska, B., & Barzykowski, K. (2024) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2024.102005 · Cited by 3
SOSYAL AFET OLARAK GÖÇ OLAYININ ÇOCUK SAĞLIĞI ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ
ŞENER, T. S., & ARLIOĞLU, H. (2022) · Hastane Öncesi Dergisi · doi:10.54409/hod.1069786 · Cited by 3
Therapeutic Encounters between Young People, Bilingual Co-workers and Practitioners
Raval, H. (2007) · doi:10.1007/978-1-137-05834-8_5 · Cited by 3
Finnish refugee children’s experiences of Swedish refugee camps during the Second World War
Paksuniemi, M. (2015) · MIGRATION LETTERS · doi:10.33182/ml.v12i1.254 · Cited by 3
Moving Beyond the “Lump-Sum”: A Case Study of Partnership for Positive Social Change
Bunde‐Birouste, A., Bull, N., & McCarroll, B. (2010) · Cosmopolitan Civil Societies An Interdisciplinary Journal · doi:10.5130/ccs.v2i2.1533 · Cited by 3
No Place Like Home: Resilience Among Adolescent Refugees Resettled in Australia
Robinson, J. A. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6375-7_14 · Cited by 3
‘THE CORE RESOURCE’ The Role of Informal Caretakers of the Mentally Ill as Seen in Uganda
Carroll, D. (2008) · School for International Training Digital Collections (School for International Training) · Cited by 3
Azarova, V., Law, H., Hughes, G., & Basil, N. (2018) · Psychotherapy Section Review · doi:10.53841/bpspsr.2018.1.61.50 · Cited by 3
Understanding the mental health needs of secondary school children in Manchester.
Hackett, L., Theodosiou, L. J., Robson, C., Spicer, F., & Lever, R. (2011) · PubMed Central · Cited by 3
Göç ve Sosyal Hizmet: Zorunlu Göç Yaşayan Çocuklar ve Travmatik Deneyimleri
Doğan, A. (2025) · Medya ve Kültürel Çalışmalar Dergisi · doi:10.55055/mekcad.1644326 · Cited by 2
Çelik, S. B., & Özkan, E. (2025) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000044856 · Cited by 2
“[15] The 120 refugee children who were living in the community and in Istanbul and Ankara made up the study’s population.”
van Willigen, L. H. M. (2009) · Bijblijven · doi:10.1007/bf03087641 · Cited by 2
The Effects of Deterrence-Based Policies on Vulnerable, Traumatized Asylum Seekers and Refugees
O’Nions, H. (2007) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230625808_14 · Cited by 2
Narrative Exposure Therapy (KIDNET)
Westby, C. E. (2020) · Word of Mouth · doi:10.1177/1048395020949087d · Cited by 2
“…et al., 2017; Vindevogel, 2017), a sizable proportion of this group reports high rates of emotional and behavioral difficulties compared with community baseline estimates (Fazel & Stein, 2003; Graham et al., 2016; Thommessen et al., 2013) and matched clinical samples (Betancourt et al., 2017).”
ResultGöç ile Gelen Öğrencilerin Eğitim Sorunlarına İlişkin Öğretmen Görüşleri
Pala, F. (2021) · Anadolu Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.34056/aujef.799274 · Cited by 2
The Experience of Legal Transition for Refugee and Asylum-Seeking Children
Khoso, I., Hussin, B., & Hanafi, H. (2023) · Interdisciplinary Studies in Society, Law, and Politics · doi:10.61838/kman.isslp.2.4.2 · Cited by 2
Better Mental Health Service Provision for Somali Youth: Overcoming the Barriers
Jacobs, M. (2014) · UST Research Online (University of St. Thomas - Minnesota) · Cited by 2
A Pediatrician’s Day in Immigration Court
Tsou, P.-Y. (2017) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2017-0921 · Cited by 2
Sharpe, B. R. (2010) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) · Cited by 2
The boys from Eika : Emotional survival in a hostile world
Nørbech, N. B., & Farshbaf, M. (2007) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives · Cited by 2
Mohnani, K., Seery, P., Jayadel, H., Raghunanan, S., Pinto, A. C., Mathias, F., Hargreaves, D. S., & Foster, C. (2025) · Primary Health Care Research & Development · doi:10.1017/s1463423624000586 · Cited by 1
Syrian Children’s Resilience and Families’ Experiences of Social-Justice: A Mixed-Methods Study
Kuru, N. (2025) · OPUS Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi · doi:10.26466/opusjsr.1809848 · Cited by 1
Ek, H., DOĞAN, Ş. A., & Öztaş, G. (2026) · Journal of migration and political studies. · doi:10.69510/mipos.1886273 · Cited by 1
Marginalisation as a Possible Health Issue: an Exercise in Practice-Based Ethical Education
Myhrvold, T. (2012) · Etikk i praksis - Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics · doi:10.5324/eip.v6i1.1777 · Cited by 1
“…from parents and being a witness to a parent’s death as well as the effect of trauma on parenting (Nielsen et al. 2008; Kolodziej et al. 2005; Lustig et al. 2004; Heptinstall et al. 2004; Steel et al. 2004; Davidson et al. 2004; Mares & Jureidini 2004; Fazel & Stein 2003; Fazel & Stein 2002).”
BackgroundGöçün Başka Bir Boyutu: Kronik Hastalıklar
Deniz, A., & Yıldırım, Y. (2018) · Arşiv Kaynak Tarama Dergisi · doi:10.17827/aktd.356378 · Cited by 1
Cox, P., & March‐McDonald, J. (2018) · Migration, minorities and modernity · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-03155-8_16 · Cited by 1
The Transpersonal power of stories: Creating a community of narrative practice
Law, H. (2017) · Transpersonal Psychology Review · doi:10.53841/bpstran.2017.19.2.3 · Cited by 1
Zijlstra, E. A., Kalverboer, M., Post, W. J., ten Brummelaar, M., & Knorth, E. J. (2015) · Kind en adolescent · doi:10.1007/s12453-014-0068-6 · Cited by 1
Health Care Without Borders: A Case Report of an Immigrant Child Who Lost His Voice
Villela, V. A., Dixon, A. M., & Steele, R. W. (2019) · Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.1177/0009922819845891 · Cited by 1
Children and migration: disease and illness
Goździak, E. M. (2013) · The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration · doi:10.1002/9781444351071.wbeghm115 · Cited by 1
Acculturation differences in family units from former Yugoslavia
Pelemis, I. (2006) · Murdoch University Research Portal · Cited by 1
A Social Ecology of Stress and Coping among Homeless Refugee Families
Im, H. (2011) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota) · Cited by 1
Social problems faced by women refugees in Dadaab Refugee Camp, North-Eastern Kenya
Mwangovya, H. A. (2011) · University of Nairobi Research Archive (University of Nairobi) · Cited by 1
Assessing the Feasibility of Implementing a Parenting Intervention with Karen Refugees
Ballard, J. (2017) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota) · Cited by 1
Improving mental health and wellbeing in recently-arrived refugee families and children
Tsoupas, J. (2012) · RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) · doi:10.25439/rmt.27351276 · Cited by 1
Barn i asylmottak : en kvalitativ studie
Sivertsen, H. (2007) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
Hurburun, A. L. J. (2008) · Tuwhera (Auckland University of Technology)
Migration and Families: Critical Perspectives on Social and Cultural Issues
Cox, P. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-94126-4_16
Post-immigrant refugee medicine: Children's needs should not be seen in isolation
Singh, S. (2004) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.329.7468.742-a
“Some researchers have found an increased risk of post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety.”
BackgroundAcculturation and Mental Health in Chinese Immigrant Youth
Alidoost, M. (2011) · doi:10.7916/d8571k0d
“Other research has suggested that immigrant children and adolescents may be at increased risk of evel ping mental health problems, particularly if they are refugees (Fazel & Stein, 2003; James, 1997).”
BackgroundBetancourt, T. S., Frounfelker, R. L., Mishra, T., & Falzarano, R. (2015)
Betancourt, T. S. (2015) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyv097.122
War in the nursery: The impact of transgenerational trauma on refugee infant development
Brassell, A. A. (2018) · ScholarWorks -A service of University of Vermont Libraries (University of Vermont)
Exploring Methods and Guidelines for Child-Computer Interaction Research with Refugee Children
Tahir, R., & Wang, A. I. (2019) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22636-7_5
Stankovska, G. (2019) · Kultura i Edukacja · doi:10.15804/kie.2019.02.06
“Fazel and Stein (2003) report that refugee children are at significant risk of developing psychological disturbances, because of the number of risk factor that they faced.”
Utilization of Mental Healthcare Services among Refugees: Past, Present and Future
Xin, H. (2018) · Journal of Public Health Issues and Practices · doi:10.33790/jphip1100112
Exploring the early years needs of Venezuelan migrant children in Trinidad and Tobago
Abdul-Majied, S., & Kinkead‐Clark, Z. (2022) · International Journal of Early Years Education · doi:10.1080/09669760.2022.2037075
(2005) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.yco.0000172068.09144.02
Stathopoulou, A., Liouni, M., Salapata, Y., & Drigas, A. S. (2022) · Technium Social Sciences Journal · doi:10.47577/tssj.v31i1.6420
Από χώρα σε χώρα: αντιξοότητες και ομαλή προσαρμογή. Εμπειρίες παιδιών προσφύγων
Γρηγορόπουλος, Η., & Ντόβα, Μ. (2022) · Psychology the Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society · doi:10.12681/psyhps.30842
Understanding Child Abuse and Neglect - Research and Implications
Kelly, D. C. (2023) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1000447 · Cited by 1
Law, H. (2024) · Psychotherapy Section Review · doi:10.53841/bpspsr.2024.1.69.25
‘This Is My Private War With Putin’: Working With Refugee Students From Ukraine
Ćwirynkało, K., Parchomiuk, M., Bartnikowska, U., Antoszewska, B., & Fronek, P. (2024) · Lubelski Rocznik Pedagogiczny · doi:10.17951/lrp.2024.43.3.119-139
Morroni, D., Charalambous, E., & Karekla, M. (2025) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100919 · Cited by 1
Badri, A. B. (2013) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20130314ab
Migration and Social Services: Forced Migration Living Children and Their Traumatic Experiences
Doğan, A. (2025) · DergiPark (Istanbul University)
Gagné, M. H., Edwards, B., Poon, B. T., Janus, M., Guhn, M., Goossen, R., Ortiz, S. S., & Gadermann, A. (2026) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2026.04.007
Reynolds, J. (2026) · Critical criminological perspectives · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-14942-8_13
Developing a sustainable programme: design and evaluation
Tyrer, R. A. (2013) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham)
Assessment of issues facing immigrant and refugee families.
(2005) · PubMed · Cited by 185
Metadata
- Authors
- Fazel, M., & Stein, A.
- Affiliations
- Warneford Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Fazel, Mina
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2003-07-17
- Volume
- 327
- Issue
- 7407
- Pages
- 134
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- 1468-5833
- PMC
- PMC165700
- OpenAlex
- W1969976607
- Cited by
- 188
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 8.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.bmj.com/company/legal-information/terms-conditions/legal-information/tdm-licencepolicy (tdm)
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Migration and Exile Studies
- Social Sciences › Education › Education and experiences of immigrants and refugees
- Keywords
- refugee children, child mental health, mental illness, asylum seekers, ethnic minority children, forced displacement, violence exposure, multiple losses
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Mental Disorders, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Surveys and Questionnaires, Refugees, Social Adjustment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
