The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Toothbrushing, inflammation, and risk of cardiovascular disease: results from Scottish Health Survey
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine if self reported toothbrushing behaviour is associated with cardiovascular disease and markers of inflammation (C reactive protein) and coagulation (fibrinogen). DESIGN: National population based survey. SETTING: Scottish Health Survey, which draws a nationally representative sample of the general population living in households in Scotland. PARTICIPANTS: 11,869 men and women, mean age 50 (SD 11). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Oral hygiene assessed from self reported frequency of toothbrushing. Surveys were linked prospectively to clinical hospital records, and Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the risk of cardiovascular disease events or death according to oral hygiene. The association between oral hygiene and inflammatory markers and coagulation was examined in a subsample of participants (n=4830) by using general linear models with adjustments. RESULTS: There were a total of 555 cardiovascular disease events over an average of 8.1 (SD 3.4) years of follow-up, of which 170 were fatal. In about 74% (411) of cardiovascular disease events the principal diagnosis was coronary heart disease. Participants who reported poor oral hygiene (never/rarely brushed their teeth) had an increased risk of a cardiovascular disease event (hazard ratio 1.7, 95% confidence interval 1.3 to 2.3; P<0.001) in a fully adjusted model. They also had increased concentrations of both C reactive protein (beta 0.04, 0.01 to 0.08) and fibrinogen (0.08, -0.01 to 0.18). CONCLUSIONS: Poor oral hygiene is associated with higher levels of risk of cardiovascular disease and low grade inflammation, though the causal nature of the association is yet to be determined.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Conversely, epidemiological studies consistently show that in the general population, good oral hygiene (specifically frequent tooth brushing and mouthwash use) protects against development of hypertension and CVD[431–433].”
From Enterosalivary nitrate metabolism and the microbiome: Intersection of microbial metabolism, nitric oxide and diet in cardiac and pulmonary vascular health (2017) · cites this paper as [432]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Inflammation and Atherosclerosis
Libby, P., Ridker, P. M., & Maseri, A. (2002) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/hc0902.104353 · Cited by 7,724
Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men
Ridker, P. M., Cushman, M., Stampfer, M. J., Tracy, R. P., & Hennekens, C. H. (1997) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199704033361401 · Cited by 5,504
Pihlstrom, B. L., Michalowicz, B. S., & Johnson, N. W. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67728-8 · Cited by 3,718
Petersen, P. E. (2003) · Community Dentistry And Oral Epidemiology · doi:10.1046/j..2003.com122.x · Cited by 3,179
Danesh, J., Wheeler, J. G., Hirschfield, G. M., Eda, S., Eiriksdottir, G., Rumley, A., Lowe, G. D. O., Pepys, M. B., & Gudnason, V. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa032804 · Cited by 2,953
Danaei, G., Ding, E. L., Mozaffarian, D., Taylor, B., Rehm, J., Murray, C. J. L., & Ezzati, M. (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000058 · Cited by 2,860
Low grade inflammation and coronary heart disease: prospective study and updated meta-analyses
Danesh, J. (2000) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7255.199 · Cited by 1,692
Periodontal Disease and Cardiovascular Disease
Beck, J. D., García, R. I., HEISS, G. M., Vokonas, P., & Offenbacher, S. (1996) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1902/jop.1996.67.10s.1123 · Cited by 1,453
Dental disease and risk of coronary heart disease and mortality.
Destefano, F. R., Anda, R. F., Kahn, H. S., Williamson, D. F., & Russell, C. M. (1993) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.306.6879.688 · Cited by 1,113
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in the Aetiology of Caries: Systematic Literature Review
Piekoszewska‐Ziętek, P., Turska‐Szybka, A., & Olczak‐Kowalczyk, D. (2017) · Caries Research · doi:10.1159/000476075 · Cited by 1,009
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–364 of 364
Colonia-García, A., & Duque, A. (2011) · CES Medicina · Cited by 1
Association Between Toothbrushing and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: A Systematic Review
Zoraya, S. I., & Azhar, A. A. B. (2020) · Sriwijaya International Conference of Public Health (SICPH) · doi:10.2991/ahsr.k.200612.004 · Cited by 1
Robinson, P. G., & Marshman, Z. (2015) · doi:10.1093/med/9780199661756.003.0208 · Cited by 1
ORAL HEALTH- RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE ASSESSED IN ADULTS: INTEGRATIVE REVIEW
Afonso, A., & Silva, I. (2015) · Psicologia Saúde & Doenças · doi:10.15309/15psd160209 · Cited by 1
Adipose-derived stem cells: Use in clinical medicine
Sobajima, S., Saita, Y., Iwaguro, H., Tsubosaka, M., Kuroda, R., Sun, Z., Fukui, M., Hihara, M., Mitsui, T., Kuro, A., et al. (2023) · Principles of Gender-Specific Medicine · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-88534-8.00057-2 · Cited by 1
Evaluación de fibrinógeno plasmático en pacientes con enfermedad periodontal
Milla-Torres, D., & García-Linares, S. (2014) · Revista Estomatológica Herediana · doi:10.20453/reh.2014.2168
„Mit der Zahnbürste dem Herzinfarkt vorbeugen?“ oder „Brush your Brain too!“
Beer, J. H. (2010) · Therapeutische Umschau · doi:10.1024/0040-5930/a000110
Parodontitis als risicofactor voor diabetes type 2 en hart- en vaatziekten
Nesse, W., Spijkervet, F. K. L., Tichelaar, Y. I. G. V., & Vissink, A. (2015) · Bijblijven · doi:10.1007/s12414-015-0006-4
Oral health and the heart – Does HIV infection open a pathophysiological gateway?
Gelbrich, B., Neumann, T., Eßer, S., Potthoff, A., Reinsch, N., Hower, M., Dannhauer, K.-H., Loeffler, M., Brockmeyer, N. H., Erbel, R., et al. (2011) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.06.081
Kearns, R. J., Brewer, A., & Booth, M. G. (2010) · Journal of the Intensive Care Society · doi:10.1177/175114371001100405
Mellis, C. (2010) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1754.2010.01744.x
Oral Public Health in the Asia-Pacific Region
Binns, C. W., & Low, W. Y. (2014) · Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1010539514533252
Exploring the link between periodontal disese and general health issues
Singhrao, S. K., & Crean, S. J. (2010) · Faculty Dental Journal · doi:10.1308/204268510x12804170471061
Parodontitis en hart- en vaatziekten
Loos, B. G., Bizzarro, S., Gerdes, V. E. A., & Teeuw, W. J. (2011) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-313-8935-3_2
Gewitz, M. H., Wilson, W. R., Smith, S. C., Levison, M. E., Taubert, K. A., Newburger, J. W., Gornik, H. L., Lockhart, P. B., Bolger, A. F., Papapanou, P. N., et al. (2012)
A infecção odontogênica e sua associação com a
de Alzheimer, D. (2010)
Poor Self-Reported Oral Hygiene and Excess Cardiovascular Risk
Mueller, P. S., & FACP., F. (2010) · Journal watch · doi:10.1056/jw201006080000003
Accessing dental services for care home residents
Humphreys, K. (2017) · Nursing and Residential Care · doi:10.12968/nrec.2017.19.10.559
Alhajji, D., & Mendes, R. A. (2017) · BMJ Case Reports · doi:10.1136/bcr-2017-221539
Abraham, D. V., Bhatia, P., Khan, A. S., Deora, S., & Saini, A. (2018) · Journal of Research in Dentistry · doi:10.19177/jrd.v5e3201757-62
Blanchard, S. A., Barker, J. C., & Hyde, S. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-06776-8.00021-9
Bresolin, A. C. (2013) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)
Oral Health Status and Acute Myocardial Infarction
Ahmed, H. S. (2014)
Biomarkers in Periodontal Disease and Systemic Health Intersection
Buduneli, N. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-37317-7_8
Detecting and Addressing Psychological Factors
Stace, R. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-61097-8_3
Risk indicators for dental caries in three Scottish prison populations
Akbar, T. (2017) · Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee)
Prioritising risk assessment and management for cardiovascular disease
Bostock, B. (2020) · British Journal of Healthcare Management · doi:10.12968/bjhc.2020.0140
The Importance of Oral and Dental Health in Cardiovascular System Diseases
Kaynak, B. A. (2021) · Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.17517/ksutfd.841244
Self-reported Oral Health Status and Diabetes Outcomes in a Cohort of Diabetics in Ontario, Canada
Parbhakar, K. K. (2019) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
víme, N., Peixoto, A. J., Santos, S. F. F., erytropoetinu, D., hemoglobinu, N. K., Singh, A. K., Gansevoort, R. T., Nauta, F. L., Bakker, S. J. L., Fisher, M. A., et al. (2012)
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN ORAL HEALTH AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE INCIDENCE
Hassan, K. (2021) · International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies · doi:10.32553/ijmbs.v5i7.2024
Oral Health and Cardiac Rehabilitation: A Scoping Review
Malik, N. A., Yatim, S. M., Li, L. S. W., & Ramaiah, A. R. A. (2022) · IIUM Medical Journal Malaysia · doi:10.31436/imjm.v21i2.1811
Atherosclerosis and depression. Obvious and non-obvious relationships. Part II
Смирнова, М. Д., Николаевна, С. О., Николаевна, Б. З., & Ageev, F. T. (2022) · Russian Cardiology Bulletin · doi:10.17116/cardiobulletin20221701114
Mellis, C. (2011) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1754.2011.02051.x
Sultana, F., Mishra, A., Kumar, M. M., Sahithi, A., Reddy, K. K., & Ramya, Y. (2022) · International Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.53730/ijhs.v6ns3.7679
Haverich, A., & Boyle, E. C. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-31766-8_2
Arenas-Márquez, M. J., Toro, P., & Aguayo, S. D. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3127129/v1
Stem cell–based approach in treatment of periodontitis
Ponnusamy, B., Rajagopal, P., Panneerselvam, S., Veeraraghavan, V., & Jayaraman, S. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-18800-8.00004-6
Prospective observational cohort study of oral health in people with disabilities
Rančić, J. (2023) · Serbian Journal of Anesthesia and Intensive Therapy · doi:10.5937/sjait2302029r
Exploring the Interaction between Health-promoting and Health Risk Behaviours in Health
(2024) · Frontiers research topics · doi:10.3389/978-2-8325-4968-1
Role of stress in periodontal disease in a population of Al-Qassim region, Saudi Arabia
Bhattacharjee, S., Shamsher, M., Harun, H., & Harun, H. (2023) · Saudi Journal of Oral Sciences · doi:10.4103/sjoralsci.sjoralsci_25_22
Periodontal disease and occlusive atherosclerotic vascular diseases
Rao, K. S., & Rao, G. H. R. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95469-3.00012-7
Probiotics in Oral Health: Halitosis, Dental Caries, and Periodontitis
Singh, B., Mal, G., Kalra, R. S., & Marotta, F. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-65459-6_5
Salim, P. I. S., Rusli, R., Rahim, S. A. S. M., & Diah, J. M. (2025) · International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion · doi:10.1080/17457300.2025.2501559
Mineva, K., & Georgieva-Dimitrova, M. (2025) · Journal of Medical and Dental Practice · doi:10.18044/medinform.2025122.2059
Stanišić, D., Perunović, N., Djurdjevic, M., Sen, K., Majumder, A., & Majumder, S. (2025) · Discovery Medicine · doi:10.24976/discov.med.202537201.179
Mosley, M. C. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/19yq-ta63
Experience of Oral Care among Elderly in Nursing Homes
Buiyan, S., & Sheng, N. (2014) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
Jin, Y. J., Han, Y. E., & Choi, H. G. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12150957
Eidenhardt, Z., Busse, S., Margraf-Stiksrud, J., & Deinzer, R. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26556869
Guo, D., Shi, Z., Luo, Y., Ding, R., & He, P. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26568505
Jin, Y. J., Han, Y. E., & Choi, H. G. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12150963
Sung, L.-C., Chang, C.-C., Yeh, C.-C., Lee, C.-Y., Hu, C.-J., Cherng, Y.-G., Chen, T.-L., & Liao, C.-C. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.23689769
Eidenhardt, Z., Busse, S., Margraf-Stiksrud, J., & Deinzer, R. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26556872
Zusammenhänge zwischen parodontalen Entzündungen und kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen
Hezel, L., & Deschner, J. (2025) · wissen kompakt · doi:10.1007/s11838-025-00226-5
Detection of Oral Bacterial DNA in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm and Its Microbial Associations
SHIMIZU, K., Serizawa, F., Akamatsu, D., Saito, S., Aoki, Y., Umetsu, M., Suzuki, S., Ogasawara, N., & Kamei, T. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27104396
Lindström, M., Naimi‐Akbar, A., Lindström, E., Rosvall, M., & Pirnouzifard, M. (2026) · Acta Odontologica Scandinavica · doi:10.2340/aos.v85.46190
Geiger, J. T., Gill, A. L., Matabele, M. M., Kruger, J. L., Kedwai, B. J., Lehane, D. J., Ford, B., Stoner, M. C., Sohn, M. B., Gill, S. R., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2026.1884994
Kim, M.-S., Lee, N.-W., Ahn, C.-Y., & Cho, D. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11239556/v1
Terzi, A., & Keskin, H. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14213646
Metadata
- Authors
- de Oliveira, C., Watt, R., & Hamer, M.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Watt, R.
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2010-05-27
- Volume
- 340
- Issue
- may27 1
- Pages
- c2451-c2451
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- 1468-5833
- PMC
- PMC2877809
- OpenAlex
- W2168098737
- Cited by
- 365
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 28.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- British Heart Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › General Dentistry › Dental Health and Care Utilization
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
- Keywords
- toothbrushing, oral hygiene, cardiovascular disease, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, inflammation, coagulation, coronary artery disease, cardiovascular mortality
- MeSH terms
- C-Reactive Protein, Cardiovascular Diseases, Chronic Disease, Cross-Sectional Studies, Dental Care, Female, Fibrinogen, Health Surveys, Humans, Infections, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Periodontitis, Risk Factors, Scotland, Toothbrushing, Biomarkers, Prevalence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
