Cited by 350Statistical Methods in Clinical TrialsMeta-analysis and systematic reviewsStatistical Methods in Epidemiology

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 39 of the 40 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Potential impact on estimated treatment effects of information lost to follow-up in randomised controlled trials (LOST-IT): systematic review

Open access

Akl, E. A., Briel, M., You, J. J., Sun, X., Johnston, B. C., Busse, J. W., Mulla, S., Lamontagne, F., Bassler, D., Vera, C., Alshurafa, M., Katsios, C. M., Zhou, Q., Cukierman-Yaffe, T., Gangji, A., Mills, E. J., Walter, S. D., Cook, D. J., Schunemann, H. J., Altman, D. G., Guyatt, G. H.·2012·BMJ

DOI 10.1136/bmj.e2809

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To assess the reporting, extent, and handling of loss to follow-up and its potential impact on the estimates of the effect of treatment in randomised controlled trials. DESIGN: Systematic review. We calculated the percentage of trials for which the relative risk would no longer be significant under a number of assumptions about the outcomes of participants lost to follow-up. DATA SOURCES: Medline search of five top general medical journals, 2005-07. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials that reported a significant binary primary patient important outcome. RESULTS: Of the 235 eligible reports identified, 31 (13%) did not report whether or not loss to follow-up occurred. In reports that did give the relevant information, the median percentage of participants lost to follow-up was 6% (interquartile range 2-14%). The method by which loss to follow-up was handled was unclear in 37 studies (19%); the most commonly used method was survival analysis (66, 35%). When we varied assumptions about loss to follow-up, results of 19% of trials were no longer significant if we assumed no participants lost to follow-up had the event of interest, 17% if we assumed that all participants lost to follow-up had the event, and 58% if we assumed a worst case scenario (all participants lost to follow-up in the treatment group and none of those in the control group had the event). Under more plausible assumptions, in which the incidence of events in those lost to follow-up relative to those followed-up is higher in the intervention than control group, results of 0% to 33% trials were no longer significant. CONCLUSION: Plausible assumptions regarding outcomes of patients lost to follow-up could change the interpretation of results of randomised controlled trials published in top medical journals.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1136/bmj.e2809

Cites

39 of 39 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys
Rubin, D. B. (1987) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/9780470316696 · Cited by 20,701
CONSORT 2010 Explanation and Elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials
Moher, D., Hopewell, S., Schulz, K. F., Montori, V., Gotzsche, P. C., Devereaux, P. J., Elbourne, D., Egger, M., & Altman, D. G. (2010) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.c869 · Cited by 8,883
Self-citation
Multiple imputation for missing data in epidemiological and clinical research: potential and pitfalls
Sterne, J. A. C., White, I. R., Carlin, J. B., Spratt, M., Royston, P., Kenward, M. G., Wood, A. M., & Carpenter, J. R. (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2393 · Cited by 7,299
Untitled work
Schulz (1995) · doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03520290060030 · Cited by 5,634
Reported Methodologic Quality and Discrepancies between Large and Small Randomized Trials in Meta-Analyses
Gluud, L. L., Villumsen, J., & Gluud, C. N. (2001) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-135-11-200112040-00010 · Cited by 2,266
What is meant by intention to treat analysis? Survey of published randomised controlled trials
Hollis, S., & Campbell, F. (1999) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7211.670 · Cited by 2,160
CONSORT 2010 Explanation and Elaboration: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials
Moher, D., Hopewell, S., Schulz, K. F., Montori, V., Gøtzsche, P. C., Devereaux, P. J., Elbourne, D., Egger, M., & Altman, D. G. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.03.004 · Cited by 1,858
Self-citation
Combining estimates of interest in prognostic modelling studies after multiple imputation: current practice and guidelines
Marshall, A., Altman, D. G., HOLDER, R. L., & Royston, P. J. (2009) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-9-57 · Cited by 883
Self-citation
Strategy for intention to treat analysis in randomised trials with missing outcome data
White, I. R., Horton, N. J., Carpenter, J. R., statistics, R. I. M. A. S., & Pocock, S. (2011) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.d40 · Cited by 869
Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys.
King, B., & Rubin, D. B. (1989) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2289952 · Cited by 778

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 40 references

1 of the 40 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 2

RESEARCH on 19 August 2023 by guest. Protected by copyright. http://www.bmj.com/ BMJ: first published as 10.1136/bmj.e2809 on 18 May 2012. Downloaded from
Altman DG. Missing outcomes: addressing the dilemma. Open Med 2009;3:e21-3.

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 350

Saturated fat and human health: a protocol for a methodologically innovative systematic review and meta-analysis to inform public health nutrition guidelines
Johnston, B. C., Zeraatkar, D., Steen, J. P., Rada, D., Zhu, H., Sun, M., Cooper, M. A., Maraj, M., Prokop‐Dorner, A., Reyes, B. C., et al. (2023) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-023-02209-1 · Cited by 7
Self-citation
How do trial teams plan for retention during the design stage of the trial? A scoping review
Murphy, E., Gillies, K., & Shiely, F. (2023) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-023-07775-2 · Cited by 7
Methodological survey of designed uneven randomization trials (DU-RANDOM): a protocol
Wu, D., Akl, E. A., Guyatt, G. H., Devereaux, P. J., Brignardello‐Petersen, R., Prediger, B., Patel, K., Patel, N., Lu, T., Zhang, Y., et al. (2014) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-15-33 · Cited by 9
Self-citation
Calculation of the fragility index of randomized controlled trials in epilepsy published in twelve major journals
Das, S., & Xaviar, S. (2019) · Epilepsy Research · doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2019.106258 · Cited by 7
Minimizing Risks to Patients by Improving Presentation of Clinical Trial Results in Geographic Atrophy Trials
Rofagha, S. (2022) · Ophthalmology Retina · doi:10.1016/j.oret.2021.12.018 · Cited by 7
Validation of a Machine-Learning Clinical Decision Aid for the Differential Diagnosis of Transient Loss of Consciousness
Wardrope, A., Ferrar, M., Goodacre, S. W., Habershon, D., Heaton, T., Howell, S. J., & Reuber, M. (2025) · Neurology Clinical Practice · doi:10.1212/cpj.0000000000200448 · Cited by 8
Effects on obstructive sleep apnea severity following a tailored behavioral sleep medicine intervention aimed at increased physical activity and sound eating: an 18-month follow-up of a randomized controlled trial
Spörndly-Nees, S., Åsenlöf, P., Lindberg, E., Emtner, M., & Igelström, H. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.8322 · Cited by 6
Missing outcome data management in acute stroke trials testing iv thrombolytics. Is there risk of bias?
Fernández‐Ferro, J., Schwamm, L. H., Descalzo, M. Á., Macisaac, R. L., Lyden, P. D., & Lees, K. R. (2020) · European Stroke Journal · doi:10.1177/2396987320905457 · Cited by 6
Lung cancer with dualEGFRandALKdriver alterations at baseline: a retrospective observational cohort study
Noronha, V., Chougule, A., Chandrani, P., Kumar, R., Patil, V., Menon, N. S., Kapoor, A., Chopade, S. R., Singh, A. K., Shetty, O. A., et al. (2022) · Acta Oncologica · doi:10.1080/0284186x.2022.2109426 · Cited by 6
Chinese herbal medicine for vascular cognitive impairment in cerebral small vessel disease
Zhang, X., Liu, X., Xia, R., Li, N., Liao, X., & Chen, Z. (2020) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000022455 · Cited by 6
A novel drug management system in the Febuxostat versus Allopurinol Streamlined Trial: A description of a pharmacy system designed to supply medications directly to patients within a prospective multicenter randomised clinical trial
Rogers, A., Flynn, R., Mcdonnell, P. J., Mackenzie, I. S., & MacDonald, T. M. (2016) · Clinical Trials · doi:10.1177/1740774516657048 · Cited by 6
US purchases world stocks of remdesivir: why the rest of the world should be glad to be at the back of the queue
Brophy, J. M. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m2797 · Cited by 6
Loss to Follow-up: A Deceptive Enigma
Patel, S., Kumar, V., Khan, S., & Salaria, A. K. (2021) · Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India) · doi:10.1055/s-0041-1728971 · Cited by 5
Developing strategies to address disparities in retention communication during the consent discussion: development of a behavioural intervention
Coffey, T., Duncan, E., Morgan, H. M., & Gillies, K. (2023) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-023-07268-2 · Cited by 5
The Number of Patients Lost to Follow‐Up May Exceed the Fragility Index of a Randomized Controlled Trial Without Reversing Statistical Significance: A Systematic Review and Statistical Model
Oeding, J. F., Krych, A. J., Camp, C. L., & Varady, N. H. (2024) · Arthroscopy The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2024.05.006 · Cited by 5
A pilot feasibility study of a randomized controlled trial of goal setting using the values in action inventory of strengths following brain injury
Wainman-Lefley, J., Goudie, N., Richardson, M., & Evans, J. J. (2020) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2020.1823428 · Cited by 6
Two Weeks of Low Molecular Weight Heparin for Isolated Symptomatic Distal Vein Thrombosis (TWISTER study)
Merriman, E., Chunilal, S. D., Brighton, T., Chen, V. M. Y., McRae, S. J., Ockelford, P., Curnow, J. L., Tran, H., Chong, B. H., Smith, M., et al. (2021) · Thrombosis Research · doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2021.09.004 · Cited by 5
Impact of trial attrition rates on treatment effect estimates in chronic inflammatory diseases: A meta‐epidemiological study
Overgaard, S. H., Moos, C. M., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Luta, G., Berg, J., Nielsen, S. M., Andersen, V. C., & Christensen, R. (2024) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.1708 · Cited by 5
The fragility of statistically significant results from clinical nutrition randomized controlled trials
Pędziwiatr, M., Mizera, M., Wysocki, M., Małczak, P., Stefura, T., Gajewska, N., Torbicz, G., Droś, J., Kacprzyk, A., Major, P., et al. (2019) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2019.05.024 · Cited by 5
Handling of Missing Data
Budhiraja, P., Kaplan, B. E., & Mustafa, R. A. (2019) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/tp.0000000000002865 · Cited by 5
Reporting results in manual therapy clinical trials: A need for improvement
Núñez‐Cortés, R., Álvarez, G., Bracchiglione, J., Cabanas‐Valdés, R., Sanz, J. C., Bonfill, X., & Urrútia, G. (2021) · International journal of osteopathic medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ijosm.2021.06.002 · Cited by 6
Current State of Evidence on Kidney Transplantation: How Fragile Are the Results?
Budhiraja, P., Kaplan, B. E., Kalot, M. A., Alayli, A. E., Dimassi, A. B., Chakkera, H. A., Heilman, R. L., Edwards, A. S., & Mustafa, R. A. (2021) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/tp.0000000000003805 · Cited by 5
Design and rationale for the “Me & My Heart” (eMocial) study: A randomized evaluation of a new smartphone‐based support tool to increase therapy adherence of patients with acute coronary syndrome
Krackhardt, F., Maier, L. S., Appel, K., Köhler, T., Ghanem, A., Tschöpe, C., Dahl, J. V., Degenhardt, R., Niklasson, A., Ahlqvist, M., et al. (2019) · Clinical Cardiology · doi:10.1002/clc.23254 · Cited by 5
Comment on the paper “Cognitive functional therapy in patients with non specific chronic low back pain”, by Vibe Fersum et al.
Fernandez, J., Ferreira, A. D. S., Castro, J., Correia, L. C. L., & Meziat‐Filho, N. (2019) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1441 · Cited by 5
Combining Real‐World and Clinical Trial Data Through Privacy‐Preserving Record Linkage: Opportunities and Challenges—A Narrative Review
Batech, M., Madsen, A. M., Gatto, N. M., Zhang, T. C., Ricci, D. S., Harvey, R. A., Khan, N. S., & Jain, S. (2025) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.71272 · Cited by 4
Risk Factors for Loss to Follow-up of Elderly Patients After Hip Fracture Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Rui, M., Hui, Y., Mao, J., Ma, T., & Zheng, X. (2024) · Geriatric Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/21514593241280912 · Cited by 4
The Reproducibility of Cerebrovascular Randomized Controlled Trials
Adeeb, N., Terrell, D. L., Whipple, S. G., Thakur, J. D., Griessenauer, C. J., Adeeb, A., Aslan, A., Mamilly, A., Mortazavi, M. M., Dossani, R. H., et al. (2020) · World Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2020.04.106 · Cited by 4
Evidenzlevel klinischer Interventionsstudien – Mind the biases
Deichsel, A., Guenther, D., Mathis, D. T., Schüttler, K. F., Wafaisade, A., Ackermann, J., Laky, B., Eggeling, L., Kopf, S., & Herbst, E. (2023) · Arthroskopie · doi:10.1007/s00142-023-00637-8 · Cited by 4
Retention strategies are routinely communicated to potential trial participants but often differ from what was planned in the trial protocol: an analysis of adult participant information leaflets and their corresponding protocols
Murphy, E., Gillies, K., & Shiely, F. (2024) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-024-08194-7 · Cited by 4
A Just Genomics Needs an ELSI of Translation
Halley, M. C., Olson, N. W., Ashley, E. A., Goldenberg, A. J., & Tabor, H. K. (2024) · The Hastings Center Report · doi:10.1002/hast.4938 · Cited by 4
Leveraging Stacked Classifiers for Multi-task Executive Function in Schizophrenia Yields Diagnostic and Prognostic Insights
Zhang, T., Zhao, X., Yeo, B. T. T., Huo, X., Eickhoff, S. B., & Ji, C. (2026) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaf218 · Cited by 5
Mental imagery interventions to promote face covering use among UK university students and employees during the COVID-19 pandemic: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.
Conroy, D. (2022) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-021-05852-y · Cited by 5
Prática deliberada no ensino de histologia na graduação em Medicina: estudo prospectivo randomizado e controlado
Sant’Anna, C. S., de Albuquerque, C. A. C., Baraúna, S. C., & Filho, G. R. D. O. (2022) · Revista Brasileira de Educação Médica · doi:10.1590/1981-5271v46.2-20210448 · Cited by 4
Behavioural intervention to reduce sexually transmitted infections in people aged 16–24 years in the UK: the safetxt RCT
Free, C., Palmer, M. J., Potter, K., McCarthy, O., Jerome, L., Berendes, S., Gubijev, A., Knight, M., Jamal, Z., Dhaliwal, F., et al. (2023) · Public Health Research · doi:10.3310/dane8826 · Cited by 4
Impact of recruitment and retention on all-cause mortality in a large all-comers randomised controlled trial: insights from the GLOBAL LEADERS trial
Takahashi, K., Kogame, N., Tomaniak, M., Chichareon, P., Chang, C. C., Modolo, R., Benit, E., Liebetrau, C., Janssens, L., Ferrario, M., et al. (2019) · Clinical Research in Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00392-019-01585-w · Cited by 4
Ross for Valve replacement In AduLts (REVIVAL) pilot trial: rationale and design of a randomised controlled trial
Whitlock, R. P., Belley‐Côté, E. P., Rega, F., Chu, M. W. A., McClure, G. R., Hronyecz, H., Verbrugghe, P., Devereaux, P. J., Bangdiwala, S. I., Eikelboom, J. W., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046198 · Cited by 4
Adherence
Burke, L. E., Zheng, Y., & Wang, J. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-93826-4_19 · Cited by 5
Volatile Agents versus Propofol in Cardiac Surgery: Comment
Yonekura, H., Sumiyoshi, M., Matsunari, Y., Sakai, M., & Kamei, M. (2020) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000003591 · Cited by 4
Epidemiological Methods
Wang, B., & Loeb, M. B. (2017) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-7237-1_17 · Cited by 4
Missing data at follow-up: The case of the interRAI home care assessment instrument in Belgium
Vanneste, D., Mello, J. D. A., Macq, J., Audenhove, C. V., & Declercq, A. (2016) · European Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.eurger.2016.03.004 · Cited by 3
Effects of deep sedation under mechanical ventilation on cognitive outcome in patients undergoing surgery for oral and maxillofacial cancer and microvascular reconstruction
Terada, Y., Inoue, S., Konda, M., Egawa, J., Ueda, J., Kirita, T., & Kawaguchi, M. (2017) · Medicina Intensiva · doi:10.1016/j.medin.2017.11.001 · Cited by 3
Controlling Bias in Randomized Clinical Trials
BARTON, B. A. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-52677-5_214-1 · Cited by 2
Robustness of Significant Dichotomous Outcomes in Randomized Controlled Trials in the Treatment of Patients with COVID-19: A Systematic Analysis
Liu, Q., Chen, H., Gao, Y., & Zhu, C. (2023) · Intensive Care Research · doi:10.1007/s44231-022-00027-y · Cited by 3
Factors Associated With Loss to Follow-Up in Surgical Trials: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Walker, R. J. B., Choi, W. J., Ribeiro, T., Habib, R. A., Zhu, A., Tan, C., Bui, E. C., da Costa, B. R., & Karanicolas, P. J. (2024) · Journal of Surgical Research · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2024.04.054 · Cited by 3
Nutrition users’ guides: RCTs part 1 – structured guide for assessing risk of bias in randomised controlled trials that address therapy or prevention questions
Agarwal, A., Bała, M. M., Zeraatkar, D., Valli, C., Alonso‐Coello, P., Ghosh, N., Han, M. A., Guyatt, G. H., Klatt, K. C., Ball, G. D. C., et al. (2024) · BMJ Nutrition Prevention & Health · doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2023-000833 · Cited by 3
Self-citation
Verwendung von Routinedaten der gesetzlichen Krankenkasse in einer Pilotstudie zur Evaluation pharmazeutischer Interventionen im Krankenhaus
Wilke, D., Schiek, S., Bertsche, T., & Knoth, H. (2017) · Zeitschrift für Evidenz Fortbildung und Qualität im Gesundheitswesen · doi:10.1016/j.zefq.2017.03.004 · Cited by 3
Reporting and Handling of Missing Participant Data in Systematic Reviews of Kidney Transplant Studies
Budhiraja, P., Kalot, M. A., Alayli, A. E., Dimassi, A. B., Kaplan, B. E., Chakkera, H. A., & Mustafa, R. A. (2020) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/tp.0000000000003503 · Cited by 3
Assessing the Risk of Bias in Randomized Trials
Page, M. J., Altman, D. G., & Egger, M. (2022) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119099369.ch4 · Cited by 3
Self-citation
Multicomponent Intervention on Improving Cognitive Impairment: Randomized Control Trial with 6-Month Follow-Up
Young, D. K. W., Kwok, T. C. Y., Petrus Yat-nam, N. G., Ng, S., Andus, W. W.-K., Tam, N. W. Y., & Chen, Q.-R. J. (2025) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/10497315241301366 · Cited by 2
UPBEAT Trial: a randomised feasibility evaluation of a digital system for UPper limB rEhabilitation After sTroke
Fusari, G., Coleman, S., Davies, J., Dearling, J., Findlay, J., Goddard, M., Ivins, N. M., Jones, F., Leggat, F. J., Lowe, R., et al. (2025) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-025-01727-0 · Cited by 2
Routinely collected health data on 10-year genitourinary and gastrointestinal morbidity after ultra-hypofractionated versus conventionally fractionated radiotherapy for localised prostate cancer in the randomised, non-inferiority, phase 3 trial HYPO-RT-PC
Persson, A. E., Kjellén, E., Garmo, H., Adrian, G., Stattin, P., Widmark, A., Nilsson, P. G., & Gunnlaugsson, A. (2025) · Radiotherapy and Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2025.111323 · Cited by 2
Effect of a brief motivational intervention in reducing alcohol consumption in the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial
Gómez, C. D., Ngantcha, M. E., Garjean, N. L., Brouard, N., Lasbleiz, M., Perennes, M., Kerdiles, F. J., Lan, C. L., Moirand, R., & Bellou, A. (2017) · European Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1097/mej.0000000000000488 · Cited by 2
GRADE-Leitlinien: 17. Beurteilung des Bias-Risikos durch fehlende Endpunkt-Daten im Evidenzkörper
Langer, G., Gartlehner, G., Schwingshackl, L., Toews, I., & Meerpohl, J. J. (2019) · Zeitschrift für Evidenz Fortbildung und Qualität im Gesundheitswesen · doi:10.1016/j.zefq.2019.11.004 · Cited by 2
Should Participants in Clinical Trials Be Able to Withdraw from Passive Follow‐Up?
Capell, W. H., Wynia, M. K., Hurley, E. A., & Bonaca, M. P. (2021) · Ethics & Human Research · doi:10.1002/eahr.500077 · Cited by 2
Regenerative graft materials for maxillary sinus elevation in randomized clinical trials: A meta-analysis
Alkaabi, S., Alsabri, G. A., Kalla, D. S. N., Alavi, S. A., Nurrahma, R., Forouzanfar, T., & Helder, M. N. (2022) · Advances in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.adoms.2022.100350 · Cited by 2
Loss to Follow‐up in Head and Neck Cancer: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
Sawaf, T., Quinton, B. A., Moss, G., Yaffe, N. M., Quereshy, H. A., Cabrera, C. I., Fowler, N., Li, S., Thuener, J. E., Lavertu, P., et al. (2023) · Otolaryngology · doi:10.1002/ohn.312 · Cited by 2
Statistical fragility of reporting hemidiaphragmatic paralysis after brachial plexus blocks in randomized controlled trials: a systematic review
Luo, Q., Liu, Y., Zhu, Y., Wang, Z., Zheng, J., & Yao, W. (2023) · Anesthesiology and Perioperative Science · doi:10.1007/s44254-023-00006-6 · Cited by 2
Fragility index analysis for randomized controlled trials of approved biologicals and small molecule drugs in inflammatory bowel diseases
Bai, X., Wan, Z., Li, Y., Jiang, Q., Wu, X., Wu, X., Li, X., Zhou, R., Mi, J., Sun, Y., et al. (2024) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111752 · Cited by 2
Effects of an Increased Financial Incentive on Follow-up in an Online, Automated Smoking Cessation Trial: A randomized Controlled Study Within a Trial
High, J., Grant, K., Hope, A., Shepstone, L., West, C., Colles, A., & Naughton, F. (2024) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntae068 · Cited by 2
The Unsolved Problem of Attrition Rates on Randomized Clinical Trials for Cocaine Use Disorders: A Scoping Review
Sinatora, A. B., Chiloff, D., Santos, J. P. M., Xu, K. Y., Tardelli, V., & Fidalgo, T. (2025) · Substance use & addiction journal · doi:10.1177/29767342251326374 · Cited by 3
Predictive factors of long-term follow-up in treatment of Korean alcoholics with naltrexone or acamprosate
Huh, S., Kim, S., & Hong, T. K. (2020) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/yic.0000000000000324 · Cited by 2
Lost to Follow-up and Withdrawal of Consent in Contemporary Global Cardiovascular Randomized Clinical Trials
Rodríguez, F., Harrison, R. W., WOJDYLA, D. M., & Mahaffey, K. W. (2015) · Critical Pathways in Cardiology A Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine · doi:10.1097/hpc.0000000000000055 · Cited by 2
Evidence base of randomized controlled trials and guideline recommendations of patent Traditional Chinese Medicines for uncomplicated acute lower respiratory tract infections in adults
Ruyu, X., Hu, X.-Y. M., Wang, D., Wang, Y., Willcox, M. L., Jianping, L., Moore, M. V., Flower, A., Li, X., Lai, L. Y. W., et al. (2018) · 中医杂志：英文版 · doi:10.1016/s0254-6272(18)30881-1 · Cited by 2
Controlling Bias in Randomized Clinical Trials
BARTON, B. A. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-52636-2_214 · Cited by 2
Advance care planning in life-limiting illnesses
Houben (2018) · doi:10.26481/dis.20180309ch · Cited by 2
Let’s DAG it! But wait…which variables should we include in our graphical model?
Ribeiro, D. C. (2023) · Osteoarthritis and Cartilage · doi:10.1016/j.joca.2023.12.001 · Cited by 2
A Multicentre Randomised Controlled Trial Assessing the Efficacy of Antimicrobial Prophylaxis for Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy in Reducing Urinary Tract Infection (APPEAL): Statistical Analysis Plan and MethodologyPreprint
Violette, P. D., Anamag, F. T., Parpia, S., Tornberg, S., Mikkola, A. K. K., Hajebrahimi, S., Horstia, S., Najafabadi, B. T., Ruotsalainen, J., Gaudel, P., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.03.09.25323609 · Cited by 2
Self-citation
Methodological Quality of Studies of Endstage Renal Disease in Lupus Nephritis, 1970 to 2015
Tektonidou, M. G., & Ward, M. M. (2017) · The Journal of Rheumatology · doi:10.3899/jrheum.160546 · Cited by 1
Diabetes Mellitus Associated Progressive Neurovascular Retinal Injury
Sinclair, S. H. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-25779-7_18 · Cited by 1
The use of routinely collected healthcare records for outcome assessment in clinical trials: a UK perspective
Sathyanarayanan, A. (2024) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1080/03007995.2024.2333441 · Cited by 1
Participant recruitment and retention in randomised controlled trials of melanoma surveillance: A scoping review
Ackermann, D. M., Bracken, K., Hersch, J. K., Janda, M., Turner, R. M., & Bell, K. (2025) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2025.101461 · Cited by 1
Longitudinal voice monitoring in a decentralized Bring Your Own Device trial for respiratory illness detection
Santamaria, M., Christakis, Y., Demanuele, C., Zhang, Y., Tuttle, P. G., Mamashli, F., Bai, J., Landman, R., Chappie, K., Kell, S., et al. (2025) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01584-4 · Cited by 1
Modeling rates of trial attrition: an analysis of individual participant data from 90 randomized controlled trials of pharmacological interventions for multiple conditions
McChrystal, R., Hanlon, P., Lees, J. S., Phillippo, D., Welton, N. J., Gillies, K., & McAllister, D. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2025.111971 · Cited by 1
Participant-Centered Insights on Clinical Trial Design: A Qualitative Study of Participant Engagement in Traditional and Decentralized Trial Designs
Krishnaraj, S. B., Lefebvre, K. M., & Leuther, K. K. (2025) · Journal of the Society for Clinical Data Management · doi:10.47912/jscdm.441 · Cited by 1
The SQUEEZE pilot trial: a trial to determine whether septic shock reversal is quicker in pediatric patients randomized to an early goal directed fluid-sparing strategy vs. usual care
Parker, M. J., Choong, K. L. M., Fox‐Robichaud, A., Liaw, P. C., Thabane, L., & Canadian Critical Care Trials Group and the Canadian Critical Care Translational Biology Group (2025) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-025-01731-4 · Cited by 1
Missing and incorrect data in clinical trials: impact on the final result and ways of prevention
Martsevich, S. Y. (2025) · CARDIOVASCULAR THERAPY AND PREVENTION · doi:10.15829/1728-8800-2025-4572 · Cited by 1
Comparison of the predictive power of novel insulin resistance, lipid metabolism and obesity indices for the risk of developing dyslipidaemia in adults
Liang, Y., Cai, J., Mo, X., Liu, Q., Rong, J., Zhao, L., Luo, L., Zhang, T., Wu, S., Jin, W., et al. (2026) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-026-02185-2 · Cited by 1
Retention in trials: a qualitative evidence synthesis of studies reporting participant reasons for trial non-completion
Murphy, E. K., Gillies, K., Skea, Z., Biesty, L., Hunter, A., Noor, N. M., & McCann, S. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-111824 · Cited by 1
Internet-Based Brief Intervention to Reduce Alcohol Consumption in College Students: An Exploratory Randomized Clinical Trial
Romero, D., Moriano, J. A., & Sagarduy, J. L. Y. (2026) · Salud Mental · doi:10.17711/sm.0185-3325.2026.16 · Cited by 1
Effect of a group tobacco cessation behavioral intervention among patients with mental illness in Kenya: Results from a controlled clinical trial
Olando, Y. A., Mathai, M. A., Kuria, M. W., Njiri, F. J., & Huffman, M. D. (2022) · Population Medicine · doi:10.18332/popmed/152132 · Cited by 1
Effect of a Run‐In Period on Estimated Treatment Effects in Cardiovascular Randomized Clinical Trials: A Meta‐Analytic Review
Murphy, R., O'Donnell, M. J., Nolan, A. M., McGrath, E. R., O’Conghaile, A., Ferguson, J. P., Alvarez‐Iglesias, A., Costello, M. M., Loughlin, E. A., Reddin, C., et al. (2022) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.121.023061 · Cited by 1
The Reverse Fragility Index: Interpreting the Evidence for Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair Healing Associated With Early Versus Delayed Mobilization
Sudah, S. Y., Bragg, J. T., Mojica, E. S., Moverman, M. A., Puzzitiello, R. N., Pagani, N. R., Salzler, M. J., Denard, P. J., & Menendez, M. E. (2023) · HSS Journal® The Musculoskeletal Journal of Hospital for Special Surgery · doi:10.1177/15563316231157760 · Cited by 1
Impact of missing outcome data in meta‐analyses of lifestyle interventions during pregnancy to reduce postpartum weight retention: An overview of systematic reviews with meta‐analyses and additional sensitivity analyses
Harris, R., Batterham, M. J., Neale, E. P., & Ferreira, I. (2021) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13318 · Cited by 1
Effects of deep sedation under mechanical ventilation on cognitive outcome in patients undergoing surgery for oral and maxillofacial cancer and microvascular reconstruction
Terada, Y., Inoue, S., Konda, M., Egawa, J., Ueda, J., Kirita, T., & Kawaguchi, M. (2019) · Medicina Intensiva (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.medine.2019.01.001 · Cited by 1
A proposal for a new design: the exposure–crossover design
Tugwell, P., Knottnerus, J. A., & Idzerda, L. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.07.001 · Cited by 1
Vertical Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus
Sellier, P., Lopes, A., & Bergmann, J. (2014) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/l14-5025 · Cited by 1
Loss to follow-up after surgery in patients with hip fracturesPreprint
Rui, M., Zheng, X. S., Du, X., Shen, J., Peng, K., Hui, Y., Ren, Y., Lu, D. S. K., Ren, K., & Gu, J. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-447796/v1 · Cited by 1
Meta-Analysis of High Quality Randomised Controlled Trials Testing Alcoholic Chlorhexidine Skin Preparation or Triclosan Coated Sutures to Reduce Surgical Site InfectionPreprint
Ademuyiwa, A. O., Adisa, A., Bhangu, A. A., Harrison, E. M., Ingabire, J. A., Haque, P. D., Lawani, I., Glasbey, J. C., Ghosh, D., Kadir, B., et al. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3925474 · Cited by 1
In Reply: Complications of Cranioplasty in Relation to Material: Systematic Review, Network Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression
Henry, J. H., Amoo, M., Taylor, J., & O'Brien, D. P. (2021) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1227/neu.0000000000001793 · Cited by 1
Comparative analysis of emergency department patients lost to follow-up after computerized alcohol screening and brief intervention
Farahabadi, M. H., Chakravarthy, B., Hoonpongsimanont, W., Vaca, F. E., McCoy, C. E., Anderson, C. L., Imani, G., Wong, P., & Lotfipour, S. (2018) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2018.1449692
An Overview of Challenges and Approaches to Minimize Bias in Randomized Controlled Trials in Perioperative Medicine
Duceppe, E., & Belley‐Côté, E. P. (2016) · Current anesthesiology reports · doi:10.1007/s40140-016-0172-7
Methodological considerations for surveillance in GI practice
Holme, Ø., & Løberg, M. (2016) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2016.10.011
One and Done: Steroids for Adult Asthma
Davis, W. T., & Barrett, T. W. (2017) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.11.009
A revised cost-benefit analysis tool capable of analysing the effects of vocational rehabilitation
Brown, T. M. (2018) · University of Salford Institutional Repository (University of Salford)
Construction and validation of a simple scoring system for stage III colorectal cancer recurrence (SiS-SCORE). A case control study
Ishikawa, S., Sawayama, H., Matsuo, A., Uchino, R., Honda, S., Hirota, M., & Baba, H. (2018) · Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1093/jjco/hyy192
How to Assess a Prognostic Study
Gupta, S., Kim, K. S., Belley-Côté, É., & Whitlock, R. (2019) · Evidence-Based Surgery · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-05120-4_21
Supported progressive resistance training for countering the adverse side effects of prostate cancer treatment
Ashton, R. E. M. (2019) · Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University)
Effect of A Group Tobacco Cessation Behavioural Intervention Among Patients with Mental Illness in Kenya: Results from a Controlled Clinical TrialPreprint
Olando, Y. A., Mathai, M. A., Kuria, M. W., Njiri, F. J., & Huffman, M. D. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-112872/v1
Effect of right censoring bias on survival analysisPreprint
Barrajón, E., & Barrajón, L. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2012.08649 · Cited by 10
Specification of Interventions and Selection of Control in Acupuncture Randomized Controlled Trials: A Cross-Sectional StudyPreprint
Liu, J., Li, L., Luo, X., Qin, X. G., Zhao, L., Zhao, J., Zhou, X., Liu, Y., Deng, K., Ma, Y., et al. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1023037/v1
Self-citation

Authors: Akl, E. A., Briel, M., You, J. J., Sun, X., Johnston, B. C., Busse, J. W., Mulla, S., Lamontagne, F., Bassler, D., Vera, C., Alshurafa, M., Katsios, C. M., Zhou, Q., Cukierman-Yaffe, T., Gangji, A., Mills, E. J., Walter, S. D., Cook, D. J., Schunemann, H. J., Altman, D. G., & Guyatt, G. H.
Affiliations: University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US)
University of Basel (CH)
McMaster University (CA)
Kaiser Permanente (US)
Hospital for Sick Children (CA)
Institute for Work & Health (CA)
Université de Sherbrooke (CA)
University Children's Hospital Tübingen (DE)
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (CL)
University of Ottawa (CA)
University of Oxford (GB)
Corresponding author: Akl, E. A.
ORCID: Akl, E. A.
Briel, M.
You, J. J.
Sun, X.
Busse, J. W.
Mulla, S.
Lamontagne, F.
Bassler, D.
Alshurafa, M.
Gangji, A.
Mills, E. J.
Walter, S. D.
Altman, D. G.
Venue: BMJ
Publisher: BMJ
Published: 2012-05-18
Volume: 344
Issue: may18 1
Pages: e2809-e2809
ISSN: 1756-1833 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.e2809
OpenAlex: W1973748105
Cited by: 350
References: 40
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 4
FWCI: 2.74
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc
Locations: BMJ (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Pfizer
Canadian Society of Nephrology
Kidney Foundation of Canada
Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care
Cancer Research UK
National Natural Science Foundation of China
Hospital for Sick Children
Canadian Institutes of Health Research
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
Keywords: loss to follow-up, randomized controlled trials, treatment effect estimation, survival analysis, relative risk, binary outcomes
MeSH terms: Data Interpretation, Statistical, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Patient Dropouts, Risk, Survival Analysis, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome, Lost to Follow-Up

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Potential impact on estimated treatment effects of information lost to follow-up in randomised controlled trials (LOST-IT): systematic review

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks