Cited by 212Advanced Causal Inference TechniquesStatistical Methods in EpidemiologyMeta-analysis and systematic reviews

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Making inferences on treatment effects from real world data: propensity scores, confounding by indication, and other perils for the unwary in observational research

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Freemantle, N., Marston, L., Walters, K., Wood, J., Reynolds, M. R., Petersen, I.·2013·BMJ

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Propensity score based methods are used increasingly to evaluate the effectiveness of treatments when evidence from randomised trials is not available. However, users need to be aware of their strengths and limitations

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For personal use only: See rights and reprints http://www.bmj.com/permissions Subscribe: http://www.bmj.com/subscribe RESEARCH METHODS & REPORTING on 5 November 2023 by guest. Protected by copyright. http://www.bmj.com/ BMJ: first published as 10.1136/bmj.f6409 on 11 November 2013. Downloaded from 9 Trends in the characteristics, treatment and prognosis of people with symptomatic heart failure and the use of aldosterone antagonists: analysis plan. www.ucl.ac.uk/priment/ documents/Heart-Failure-Analysis-Plan.
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Authors: Freemantle, N., Marston, L., Walters, K., Wood, J., Reynolds, M. R., & Petersen, I.
Affiliations: The Royal Free Hospital (GB)
Lahey Hospital and Medical Center (US)
ORCID: Freemantle, N.
Marston, L.
Walters, K.
Wood, J.
Reynolds, M. R.
Petersen, I.
Venue: BMJ
Publisher: BMJ
Published: 2013-11-11
Volume: 347
Issue: nov11 3
Pages: f6409-f6409
ISSN: 1756-1833 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.f6409
OpenAlex: W1989803330
Cited by: 211
References: 20
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 5
FWCI: 12.61
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: BMJ (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Keywords: propensity score, confounding by indication, real-world data, observational studies, treatment effect estimation, causal inference, effectiveness evaluation
MeSH terms: Humans, Research, Research Design, Reproducibility of Results, Bias, Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome, Propensity Score, Observational Studies as Topic

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Making inferences on treatment effects from real world data: propensity scores, confounding by indication, and other perils for the unwary in observational research

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