Managing mental health challenges faced by healthcare workers during covid-19 pandemic
Open accessAbstract
Neil Greenberg and colleagues set out measures that healthcare managers need to put in place to protect the mental health of healthcare staff having to make morally challenging decisions
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Essential workers during the COVID-19 pandemic experience heightened anxiety and depression because of increased work demands, inadequate personal protective equipment, fear of infection, and fear of transmitting the virus to loved ones.
“Essential workers during the COVID-19 pandemic face heightened levels of anxiety and depression due to increased work demands, lack of adequate personal protective equipment, fear of contracting the virus, and fear of spreading it to loved ones.”
From CBT-Informed Interventions for Essential Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic (2020) · cites this paper as Greenberg et al. 2020
The Abstract (page unavailable) says healthcare workers may face extreme pressures and inadequate resources that could cause mental health problems. The Moral injury section (page unavailable) identifies depression as a possible consequence of moral injury. The paper does not establish heightened anxiety and depression across essential workers generally, or attribute them to inadequate PPE or fears of infection and transmission to loved ones. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEssential workers may experience unprecedented moral injury in their professional lives.
“Additionally, essential workers are potentially experiencing unprecedented moral injury in their professional lives, facing patients who may die despite their best efforts, superiors who may not be adequately supporting them, etc. (Greenberg et al. 2020).”
From CBT-Informed Interventions for Essential Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic (2020) · cites this paper as Greenberg et al. 2020
The Moral injury section says healthcare staff face unprecedented challenges and may experience moral injury when limited staffing or resources prevent them from doing all they could for patients. The Key messages also describe feeling let down by insufficient resources or staffing. The paper addresses healthcare workers, however, not essential workers generally. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn recent years, the prevalence of psychological disorders such as anxiety, depression, and somatic symptoms has increased among health professionals.
“In recent years, the prevalence of psychological disorders such as anxiety, depression, and somatic symptoms has increased among this population”
From Effectiveness of a Web-Based Self-Guided Intervention (MINDxYOU) for Reducing Stress and Promoting Mental Health Among Health Professionals: Results From a Stepped-Wedge Cluster Randomized Trial (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
The Key messages section (page unavailable) says healthcare staff are at increased risk of mental health problems while dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic. It does not report that the prevalence of anxiety, depression, or somatic symptoms among health professionals has increased in recent years; it discusses risk in a specific crisis, not a measured trend. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe increase in psychological disorders among health professionals has been linked to the extra efforts exerted by health workers and the extremely difficult situations to which they were exposed during the COVID-19 pandemic.
“which has been linked to the extra efforts exerted by health workers and the extremely difficult situations to which they were exposed during the COVID-19 pandemic [3-6].”
From Effectiveness of a Web-Based Self-Guided Intervention (MINDxYOU) for Reducing Stress and Promoting Mental Health Among Health Professionals: Results From a Stepped-Wedge Cluster Randomized Trial (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
The Abstract links extreme pressures and difficult decisions during COVID-19 to possible mental health problems, and the Key messages say healthcare staff are at increased risk. Neither section establishes that psychological disorders had already increased; the paper describes a prospective risk rather than an observed rise. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHealthcare workers are at risk for moral injury, defined as psychological distress derived from actions or impossibility of actions that violate personal ethical and moral codes.
“The HCWs are also at risk for moral injury, that is psychological distress derived from actions (or the impossibility of implementing actions) that violate their personal ethical and moral codes (Greenberg et al., 2020; Williamson et al., 2020).”
From Traumatic Stress in Healthcare Workers during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review of the Immediate Impact (2020) · cites this paper as Greenberg et al., 2020
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References 10 · Cited by 2,135
- Authors
- Greenberg, N., Docherty, M., Gnanapragasam, S., & Wessely, S.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Greenberg, Neil
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2020-03-26
- Volume
- 368
- Pages
- m1211
- ISSN
- 1756-1833 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3012786572
- Cited by
- 2,135
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 79 · 2025: 102 · 2024: 160 · 2023: 288 · 2022: 425 · 2021: 615 · 2020: 463 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 178.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.bmj.com/company/legal-information/terms-conditions/legal-information/tdm-licencepolicy (tdm)
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (ACF-2018-17-011)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Ethics in medical practice
- Keywords
- mental health, healthcare workers, COVID-19 pandemic, moral distress, health management, employee well-being, ethical decision-making
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Aftercare, Decision Making, Ethics, Medical, Health Personnel, Humans, Mental Health, Mental Health Services, Morals, Personnel Management, Pneumonia, Viral, Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics
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