Psychological interventions to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
The quality of evidence that psychological interventions are effective in improving glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) is weak. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of psychological interventions in T2D to assess whether their effectiveness in improving glycemic levels has improved over the past 30 years. We applied the protocol of a systematic review and aggregate meta-analysis conducted to January 2003. We added network meta-analysis (NMA) to compare intervention and control group type against usual care. MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Cochrane Controlled Trials Database, Web of Science, and Dissertation Abstracts International were searched from January 2003 to July 2018. Only randomized controlled trials (RCT) of psychological interventions for adults with T2D reported in any language were included. The primary outcome was change in glycemic control (glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in mmol/mol). Data were extracted from study reports and authors were contacted for missing data. 94 RCTs were eligible for inclusion in the systematic review since the last review. In 70 RCTs (n=14 796 participants) the pooled mean difference in HbA1c in those randomized to psychological intervention compared with control group was −0.19 (95% CI −0.25 to −0.12), equivalent to a reduction in HbA1c of 3.7 mmol/mol, with moderate heterogeneity across studies (I 2=64.7%, p<0.001). NMA suggested the probability of intervention effectiveness is highest for self-help materials, cognitive–behavioral therapy, and counseling, compared with usual care. Limitations of this study include that there is a possibility that some studies may have been missed if diabetes did not appear in the title or abstract. The effectiveness of psychological interventions for adults with T2D have minimal clinical benefit in improving glycemic control. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42016033619.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Interventions' effects on glycemic control and self-care behaviors were inconsistent.
“However, interventions' effects on glycemic control and self-care behaviors were inconsistent (Winkley et al., 2020).”
From Effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. (2024) · cites this paper as Winkley et al., 2020
The Results (Synthesis of results) report substantial heterogeneity in glycemic-control effects across trials, supporting the description of those effects as inconsistent. The Results (Additional analyses, non-protocol) identify studies focused on self-management behaviors, but do not report whether intervention effects on those behaviors were inconsistent. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & The PRISMA Group (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097 · Cited by 64,042 · see citing works
Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test
Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629 · Cited by 56,722 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Diagnostic analyses included investigations of the effect of removing individual studies; Egger’s publication bias; and funnel plots 15 and the trim and fill procedure 16 to determine potential for missing studies.”
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009) · doi:10.1002/9780470743386 · Cited by 14,225 · see citing works
Hoffmann, T. C., Glasziou, P. P., Boutron, I., Milne, R., Perera, R., Moher, D., Altman, D. G., Barbour, V., Macdonald, H., Johnston, M., et al. (2014) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.g1687 · Cited by 10,548 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In line with developments in methodology for complex interventions, 11 we extracted information on underpinning psychological theory and data”
An introduction to meta-analysis.
Patel, M. S. (1989) · Health Policy · doi:10.1016/0168-8510(89)90058-4 · Cited by 9,471 · cited 1×
“17 All meta-analyses were conducted using STATA V.14.”
The Prevalence of Comorbid Depression in Adults With Diabetes
Anderson, R. J., Freedland, K. E., Clouse, R. E., & Lustman, P. J. (2001) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.24.6.1069 · Cited by 3,926 · see citing works
A Nonparametric “Trim and Fill” Method of Accounting for Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis
Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.2000.10473905 · Cited by 2,955 · see citing works
Consistency and inconsistency in network meta-analysis: concepts and models for multi-arm studies
Higgins, J. P. T., Jackson, D., Barrett, J. K., Lu, G., Ades, A. E., & White, I. R. (2012) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.1044 · Cited by 2,098 · see citing works
Assessing Psychosocial Distress in Diabetes
Polonsky, W. H., Fisher, L., Earles, J., Dudl, R. J., Lees, J., Mullan, J., & Jackson, R. A. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.3.626 · Cited by 1,575 · see citing works
White, I. R., Barrett, J. K., Jackson, D., & Higgins, J. P. T. (2012) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.1045 · Cited by 1,114 · see citing works
Achievement of Goals in U.S. Diabetes Care, 1999–2010
Ali, M. K., Bullard, K. M., Saaddine, J. B., Cowie, C. C., Imperatore, G., & Gregg, E. W. (2013) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsa1213829 · Cited by 979 · see citing works
Gearing, R. E., El-Bassel, N., Ghesquiere, A., Baldwin, S., Gillies, J., & Ngeow, E. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.09.007 · Cited by 610 · see citing works
Prevalence of anxiety in adults with diabetes
Grigsby, A. B., Anderson, R. J., Freedland, K. E., Clouse, R. E., & Lustman, P. J. (2002) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00417-8 · Cited by 609 · see citing works
Wild, D., von Maltzahn, R., Brohan, E., Christensen, T., Clauson, P., & Gonder-Frederick, L. (2007) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2007.05.003 · Cited by 545 · see citing works
Ismail, K., Winkley, K., & Rabe-Hesketh, S. (2004) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16202-8 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Effectiveness of Depression Care Management on Diabetes-Related Outcomes in Older Patients
Williams, J., Katon, W., Lin, E., Noël, P., Worchel, J., Cornell, J., Harpole, L., Fultz, B. A., Hunkeler, E., Mika, V., et al. (2004) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-140-12-200406150-00012 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
for the CONSORT Group*, Moher, D., Schulz, K. F., & Altman, D. G. (2003) · Clinical Oral Investigations · doi:10.1007/s00784-002-0188-x · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Riley, R. D., Jackson, D., Salanti, G., Burke, D. L., Price, M. J., Kirkham, J. J., & White, I. R. (2017) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.j3932 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Psychological insulin resistance: patient beliefs and implications for diabetes management
Brod, M. I., Kongsø, J. H., Alolga, S. L., & Christensen, T. L. (2008) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-008-9419-1 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Behavioral Programs for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis
Pillay, J., Armstrong, M. J., Butalia, S., Donovan, L. E., Sigal, R. J., Vandermeer, B., Chordiya, P., Dhakal, S., Hartling, L., Nuspl, M., et al. (2015) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m15-1400 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Habit Formation and Behavior Change
Gardner, B., & Rebar, A. L. (2019) · Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.129 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Motivational interviewing and outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review.
Ekong, G., & Kavookjian, J. (2016) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2015.11.022 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Binge Eating Disorder and Night Eating Syndrome in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes
Allison, K., Crow, S., Reeves, R. R., West, D. S., Foreyt, J., DiLillo, V., Wadden, T., Jeffery, R. W., van Dorsten, B., & Stunkard, A. (2007) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2007.150 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
White, I. R., & Thomas, J. (2005) · Clinical Trials · doi:10.1191/1740774505cn081oa · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Baxter, M., Hudson, R., Mahon, J., Bartlett, C., Samyshkin, Y., Alexiou, D., & Hex, N. (2016) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.13062 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Ell, K., Katon, W., Xie, B., Lee, P., Kapetanovic, S., Guterman, J., & Chou, C.-P. (2011) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2011.05.018 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Chwastiak, L. A., Luongo, M., Russo, J., Johnson, L., Lowe, J. M., Hoffman, G., McDonell, M. G., & Wisse, B. E. (2017) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201700153 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Xie, J., & Deng, W.-Q. (2017) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s116465 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
10 of the 38 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [14]Higgins JPT, Altman DG, Gøtzsche PC, et al The Cochrane collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 2011; 343: d5928. 10.1136/bmj.d5928 22008217 PMC3196245 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The multiple roles of life stress in metabolic disorders
Mika Kivimaki, B., Bartolomucci, A., & Kawachi, I. I. (2022) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-022-00746-8 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Diabetic neuropathy: cutting-edge research and future directions
Yang, Y., Zhao, B. T., Wang, Y., Lan, H. H., Liu, X., Hu, Y., & Cao, P. (2025) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-025-02175-1 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
“550,551 Sudomotor dysfunction .”
Maina, P. M., Pienaar, M., & Reid, M. (2023) · International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances · doi:10.1016/j.ijnsa.2023.100136 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“…that implemented psychological interventions for patients with diabetes found that members of the intervention groups had slightly better levels of glycosylated haemoglobin than the controls (Chew et al., 2017; Winkley et al., 2020), as well as somewhat higher self-efficacy (Chew et al., 2017).”
BackgroundRosenfeld, R. M., Grega, M. L., Karlsen, M. C., Dabrh, A. M. A., Aurora, R. N., Bonnet, J. P., Donnell, L., Fitzpatrick, S. L., Frates, E. P., Joy, E. A., et al. (2025) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/15598276251325488 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Nadal, I. P., Angkurawaranon, C., Singh, A., Choksomngam, Y., Sadana, V., Kock, L. S., Wattanapisit, A., Wiwatkunupakarn, N., & Kinra, S. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-20612-8 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Evidence supports its effectiveness (Recommendation Grade A) for promoting treatment adherence [49], smoking cessation [38], and multiple lifestyle modifications (e.g., diet control, physical activity, smoking cessation, and quality of life improvement).”
BackgroundOyedeji, A. D., Ullah, I., Weich, S., Bentall, R. P., & Booth, A. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/s13033-022-00521-2 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“[23] found a small effect of psychological interventions on HbA1c, with both reviews reporting effect sizes of 0.”
BackgroundLiu, Z.-Q., Sang, X., Liu, Y., Yu, C.-C., & Wan, H. (2024) · Primary Care Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2024.09.006 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Dong, N., Wang, X., & Yang, L. (2023) · BioPsychoSocial Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13030-023-00274-5 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Our metaanalysis enrolled more long-term studies (nine done since 2017) and showed a significant long-term effect on HbA1c, which corresponds to Uchendu et al.’s conclusion about the lack of significant long-term effects in previous meta-analyses.”
BackgroundInfluentialUpsher, R. J., Onabajo, D., Stahl, D. R., Ismail, K., & Winkley, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Clinical Diabetes and Healthcare · doi:10.3389/fcdhc.2021.699038 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“org 3 psychological intervention descriptions of studies (reported in English) included in the aggregate meta-analysis of the original review (5) and recorded the number of individual BCTs per study.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationThe role of mental disorders in precision medicine for diabetes: a narrative review
Kremers, S., Wild, S., Elders, P., Beulens, J., Campbell, D., Pouwer, F., Lindekilde, N., de Wit, M., Lloyd, C., & Rutters, F. (2022) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-022-05738-x · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Lindgreen, P., Willaing, I., Clausen, L., Ismail, K., Grønbæk, H. N., Andersen, C. H., Persson, F., & Cleal, B. R. (2024) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/10497323231223367 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“The reasons for elevated glycemic levels are complex and multifactorial (including genetic dispositions, medication, and psychosocial components), and various degrees of support are therefore needed by most PWT2D (Davies et al., 2022; Winkley et al., 2020).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCallan, J. A., Sereika, S. M., Cui, R., Tamres, L. K., Tarneja, M., Greene, B., Slyke, A. V., Wu, M., Lukac, G. R., & Dunbar‐Jacob, J. M. (2022) · The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care · doi:10.1177/26350106221133027 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Efthymiadis, A., Bourlaki, M., & Bastounis, A. (2022) · Diabetology International · doi:10.1007/s13340-021-00564-9 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Second, treatment modalities such as interventional interviewing, motivations enhancement therapy, coping skills training, and mindfulness-based interventions were underrepresented in our meta-analysis, yet have shown promising results in people with type 2 diabetes [13, 14].”
BackgroundResultWang, M., Liu, Q., Zhu, Z., Guo, X., Hu, X., & Cheng, L. (2024) · Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing · doi:10.1111/wvn.12719 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
He, I. L., Liu, P., Wong, M. C. M., Chu, C.-H., & Lo, E. (2024) · E -journal of dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105365 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Łukasiewicz, A., Kiejna, A., Cichoń, E., Jodko-Modlińska, A., Obrębski, M., & Kokoszka, A. (2022) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s320909 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Meta-analysis indicated that psychological interventions for adults with T2DM have minimal clinical benefits in improving glycemic control.(12) Data obtained from 23 studies on 3818 patients indicates that psychoeducational interventions significantly reduced HbA1c levels when compared to controls with a significantly…”
BackgroundAlodhialah, A. M., Almutairi, A. A., & Almutairi, M. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12222257 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Pate, R., Caswell, N., Gardner, K., & Holyoak, L. (2022) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-022-01955-3 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Winkley, K., Sorsa, T., Tian, Q., Reece, I., Fitzgerald, C., Chamley, M., Ismail, K., Forbes, A., & Upsher, R. (2023) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-023-01318-x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationWong, S., Lew, J., Soon, W., Griva, K., Smith, H. E., & Lim, S.-C. (2024) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2024.108482 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Psychotherapeutic Interventions for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Gobin, K. C., Mills, J. S., & Katz, J. (2021) · Psychology and Patho-physiological Outcomes of Eating [Working Title] · doi:10.5772/intechopen.97653 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Wang, J., Wu, Y., Jiang, Y., Bao, R., 谷新保, Kong, B., & Sun, X. (2026) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/84605 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“These accounts are consistent with the literature emphasizing the emotional burden of diabetes and the value of supportive interventions for coping and self-management [34,35].”
Glycemic Control With Layperson-Delivered Telephone Calls vs Usual Care for Patients With Diabetes
Kahlon, M. K., Aksan, N., Aubrey, R., Clark, N., Cowley-Morillo, M., Dubois, C., García, C., Guerra, J., Pereira, D., Sither, M., et al. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.48809 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Li, H., Song, G., Xiao, B., & Gong, Q. (2024) · Psycho-Oncologie · doi:10.18282/po3599 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Enhancing Diabetes Management Through Personality Assessment: A Pilot Study
Huprich, S. K., Roelk, B. L., & Poppe, T. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-024-10002-y · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Zhu, X.-L., Lee, E.-S., Chan, F., Yin, R., Lim, P. X. H., Koh, R. W. S., Judith, C., Wei, L.-L., Li, S., Phrommarad, P., et al. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-098024 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Michelsen, C., & Kjellgren, A. (2025) · AIMS Medical Science · doi:10.3934/medsci.2025022 · Cited by 2
“For instance, in diabetes, alleviating depression and anxiety has been shown to stabilise glycaemic control, indicated by reduced HbA1c levels [7,8].”
InfluentialKulzer, B., Schäfer, A., Maier, B., Klinker, L., Schmitt, A., Ehrmann, D., Hermanns, N., Reger-Tan, S., & Müller-Wieland, D. (2024) · Die Diabetologie · doi:10.1007/s11428-024-01258-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Raya-Ayala, L. E., & González-Celis, A. L. (2022) · Escritos de Psicología · doi:10.24310/espsiescpsi.v15i2.14665 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Salsalbilla, P. F., Junando, M., & Pardilawati, C. Y. (2026) · Jurnal Riset Sains dan Kesehatan Indonesia · doi:10.69930/jrski.v3i5.950
Aryani, D., Wisuda, A. C., Emiliasari, D., Suciarti, R., Suraya, C., & Raharjeng, R. (2026) · Media Ilmiah Kesehatan Indonesia · doi:10.58184/miki.v4i3.1110
“Previous studies have shown that psychological and behavioral interventions specifically targeting emotional and self-management processes can improve psychological outcomes and glycemic control among adults with T2DM (Upsher et al. , 2021; Winkley et al. , 2020).”
Mondéjar-Barrios, M. D., Leon-Rodriguez, J. A., & Tresierra-Ayala, M. (2026) · Multidisciplinary Latin American Journal (MLAJ) · doi:10.62131/mlaj-v4-n3-013
“The findings of the present study are consistent with other investigations, such as Winkley et al. (2020), who observed that CBT has a favorable but mild effect on glycemic control, with heterogeneous results of moderate magnitude possibly due to methodological limitations, intervention modalities,…”
Rohilla, R., & Walia, R. (2026) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2026.113575
Anciaux, R., Vesentini, L., Keymeulen, B., Kharagjitsingh, A., van de Velde, U., & Bilsen, J. (2026) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2026.109639
Jamali, M., Dabbaghmanesh, M., KraskianMujemnari, A., & Hidaji, M. B. (2026) · Shiraz E Medical Journal · doi:10.5812/semj-161107
Shima, T., Ohya, A., Makino, H., Omura‐Ohata, Y., Tamanaha, T., Tochiya, M., Koezuka, R., Matsubara, M., Tomita, T., Noguchi, M., et al. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03930-3
“To address these concerns and improve HbA1c, the literature highlighted the efficacy of various psychobehavioral approaches [20–22].”
Review: de rol van psychische stoornissen bij precisiegeneeskunde voor diabetes
Kremers, S., Elders, P., Doedes, E., de Wit, M., Pouwer, F., Beulens, J., & Rutters, F. (2024) · Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Diabetologie · doi:10.1007/s12467-024-1554-y
Pérez-Ortíz, A., Ortega-Luyando, M., Mancilla-Díaz, J. M., Rangel, A. L. M. G.-C., Amaya-Hernández, A., & Becerra-Gálvez, A. L. (2022) · Revista Mexicana de Trastornos Alimentarios/Mexican Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.22201/fesi.20071523e.2021.2.734
“…disminuir la Hemoglobina Glicosilada (HbA1C), sosteniendo su efecto a corto y mediano plazo (González-Burboa et al., 2019; Uchendu & Blake, 2016; Winkley et al., 2020); además, de mejorar la calidad de vida, la AT, el bien-estar psicológico y disminuir síntomas asociados a trastornos del estado…”
Morrissey, E., Dinneen, S., & Doherty, A. (2021) · Mental Health, Diabetes and Endocrinology · doi:10.1017/9781911623625.008
- Authors
- Winkley, K., Upsher, R., Stahl, D., Pollard, D., Brennan, A., Heller, S. R., & Ismail, K.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- University of Sheffield (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Winkley, Kirsty
- ORCID
- Venue
- BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2020-04
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e001150
- ISSN
- 2052-4897 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7254106
- OpenAlex
- W3016181541
- Cited by
- 41
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 5
- FWCI
- 0.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Greater South Information System
- Funders
- Health Technology Assessment Programme (12/213/10)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- psychological intervention, type 2 diabetes, glycemic control, HbA1c, cognitive behavioral therapy, counseling, self-help materials, usual care
- MeSH terms
- Psychosocial Intervention, Glycemic Control, Adult, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
