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Temporal sequence of blood lipids and insulin resistance in perimenopausal women: the study of women’s health across the nation
Open accessAbstract
Introduction: To explore the temporal relationship between blood lipids and insulin resistance in perimenopausal women. Research design and methods: The longitudinal cohort consisted of 1386 women (mean age 46.4 years at baseline) in the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation. Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify appropriate latent factors of lipids (total cholesterol (TC); triglyceride (TG); high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C); low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C); lipoprotein A-I (LpA-I); apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I); apolipoprotein B (ApoB)). Cross-lagged path analysis was used to explore the temporal sequence of blood lipids and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Results: Three latent lipid factors were defined as: the TG factor, the cholesterol transport factor (CT), including TC, LDL-C, and ApoB; the reverse cholesterol transport factor (RCT), including HDL-C, LpA-I, and ApoA-I. The cumulative variance contribution rate of the three factors was 86.3%. The synchronous correlations between baseline TG, RCT, CT, and baseline HOMA-IR were 0.284, −0.174, and 0.112 (p<0.05 for all). After adjusting for age, race, smoking, drinking, body mass index, and follow-up years, the path coefficients of TG→HOMA-IR (0.073, p=0.004), and HOMA-IR→TG (0.057, p=0.006) suggested a bidirectional relationship between TG and HOMA-IR. The path coefficients of RCT→HOMA-IR (−0.091, P < 0.001) and HOMA-IR→RCT (−0.058, p=0.002) were also significant, but the path coefficients of CT→HOMA-IR (0.031, p=0.206) and HOMA-IR→CT (−0.028, p=0.113) were not. The sensitivity analyses showed consistent results. Conclusions: These findings provide evidence that TG and the reverse cholesterol transport-related lipids are related with insulin resistance bidirectionally, while there is no temporal relationship between the cholesterol transport factor and insulin resistance.
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Post-exercise supplementation with 1.2 g/kg CHO, 0.1 g/kg protein, and 0.02 g/kg fat following four training sessions across a week during the follicular phase improves time to exhaustion during endurance cycling at 75% of VO2peak.
“post-exercise supplementation (1.2 g·kg−1 of CHO, 0.1 g·kg−1 of protein, and 0.02 g·kg−1 of fat), following four training sessions across a week during the follicular phase, improved time to exhaustion during endurance cycling at 75% of VO2peak. [218].”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [218]
The Results section reports associations between blood lipids and insulin resistance in perimenopausal women, not an exercise-supplementation trial. Searches for the stated supplement doses and for cycling time to exhaustion at 75% of VO2peak found no passage addressing the claim; the retrieved Methods passage mentions physical activity only as an adjustment variable. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
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International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete
Sims, S. T., Kerksick, C. M., Smith-Ryan, A. E., Janse de Jonge, X. A. K., Hirsch, K. R., Arent, S. M., Hewlings, S. J., Kleiner, S. M., Bustillo, E., Tartar, J. L., et al. (2023) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2023.2204066 · Cited by 129
“associated with peri and post menopause [219]; athletes in this life phase should take advantage of the non-insulin dependent first phase of glycogen synthesis, which lasts 30– 40 minutes if glycogen depletion is substantial [220].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Yu, W., Zhou, G., Fan, B., Gao, C., Li, C., Wei, M., Lv, J., He, L., Feng, G., & Zhang, T.
- Affiliations
- Shandong University (CN)
- Central Hospital of Zibo (CN)
- Capital Medical University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Feng, Guoshuang
- Zhang, Tao
- Venue
- BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2022-03
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- e002653
- ISSN
- 2052-4897 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8966521
- OpenAlex
- W4220688755
- Cited by
- 8
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5
- FWCI
- 1.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Cheeloo Young Scholars Program of Shandong University (2020QNQT11)
- Beihang University & Capital Medical University Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine Plan (BHME-201901)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (81973147)
- Shandong University multidisciplinary research and innovation team of young scholars (IFYT18034)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Keywords
- insulin resistance, serum lipids, perimenopause, triglycerides, reverse cholesterol transport, cholesterol transport, apolipoprotein A-I, apolipoprotein B, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, HOMA-IR, bidirectional relationship, temporal sequence, Study of Women's Health Across the Nation, middle-aged women, dyslipidemia
- MeSH terms
- Apolipoproteins B, Female, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Lipids, Cholesterol, HDL, Cholesterol, LDL, Middle Aged, Triglycerides, Women's Health, Apolipoprotein A-I, Perimenopause
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