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Community engagement in outbreak response: lessons from the 2014–2016 Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone

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Bedson, Jamie, Jalloh, Mohamed F, Pedi, Danielle, Bah, Saiku, Owen, Katharine, Oniba, Allan, Sangarie, Musa, Fofanah, James S, Jalloh, Mohammed B, Sengeh, Paul, Skrip, Laura, Althouse, Benjamin M, Hébert-Dufresne, Laurent·2020·BMJ Global Health

DOI 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002145PMC PMC7445350

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Abstract

Documentation of structured community engagement initiatives and real-time monitoring of community engagement activities during large-scale epidemics is limited. To inform such initiatives, this paper analyses the Community Led Ebola Action (CLEA) approach implemented through the Social Mobilization Action Consortium (SMAC) during the 2014–2016 Ebola epidemic in Sierra Leone. The SMAC initiative consisted of a network of 2466 community mobilisers, >6000 religious leaders and 42 local radio stations across all 14 districts of Sierra Leone. Community mobilisers were active in nearly 70% of all communities across the country using the CLEA approach to facilitate community analysis, trigger collective action planning and maintain community action plans over time. CLEA was complemented by interactive radio programming and intensified religious leader engagement. Community mobilisers trained in the CLEA approach used participatory methods, comprised of an initial community ‘triggering’ event, action plan development and weekly follow-ups to monitor progress on identified action items. Mobilisers collected operational and behavioural data on a weekly basis as part of CLEA. We conducted a retrospective analysis of >50 000 weekly reports from approximately 12 000 communities from December 2014 to September 2015. The data showed that 100% of the communities that were engaged had one or more action plans in place. Out of the 63 110 cumulative action points monitored by community mobilisers, 92% were marked as ‘in-progress’ (85%) or ‘achieved’ (7%) within 9 months. A qualitative examination of action points revealed that the in-progress status was indicative of the long-term sustainability of most action points (eg, continuous monitoring of visitors into the community) versus one-off action items that were marked as achieved (eg, initial installation of handwashing station). Analysis of behavioural outcomes of the intervention indicate an increase over time in the fraction of reported safe burials and fraction of reported cases referred for medical care within 24 hours of symptom onset in the communities that were engaged. Through CLEA, we have demonstrated how large-scale, coordinated community engagement interventions can be achieved and monitored in real-time during future Ebola epidemics and other similar epidemics. The SMAC initiative provides a practical model for the design, implementation and monitoring of community engagement, integration and coordination of community engagement interventions with other health emergency response pillars, and adaptive strategies for large-scale community-based operational data collection.

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Additional file 1 of Community led health promotion to counter stigma and increase trust amongst priority populations: lessons from the 2022–2023 UK mpox outbreak
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Authors: Bedson, J., Jalloh, M. F., Pedi, D., Bah, S., Owen, K., Oniba, A., Sangarie, M., Fofanah, J. S., Jalloh, M. B., Sengeh, P., Skrip, L., Althouse, B. M., & Hébert-Dufresne, L.
Affiliations: Gates Foundation (US)
FOCUS 1000, Freetown, Sierra Leone
Restless Development Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
GOAL, Freetown, Sierra Leone
British Broadcasting Corporation (United Kingdom) (GB)
Institute for Disease Modeling (US)
New Mexico State University (US)
Vermont Complex Systems Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
Corresponding author: Althouse, Benjamin M
ORCID: Bedson, Jamie
Jalloh, Mohamed F
Oniba, Allan
Skrip, Laura
Althouse, Benjamin M
Venue: BMJ Global Health
Publisher: BMJ
Published: 2020-08
Volume: 5
Issue: 8
Pages: e002145
ISSN: 2059-7908 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002145
PMC: PMC7445350
OpenAlex: W3080271465
Cited by: 112
References: 29
Citations by year: 2026: 32 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 9
FWCI: 0.59
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (unspecified, 20 d)
Locations: BMJ Global Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (1P20 GM125498-01)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
United Kingdom Department for International Development
Bill and Melinda Gates through the Global Good Fund
Age International
UNICEF
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Viral Infections and Outbreaks Research
Social Sciences › Communication › Public Relations and Crisis Communication
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Community Health and Development
Keywords: community participation, Ebola outbreak response, Sierra Leone, community action plan, real-time monitoring, case referral, community-based data collection, health emergency response
MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks, Humans, Retrospective Studies, Sierra Leone, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola, Epidemics

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Community engagement in outbreak response: lessons from the 2014–2016 Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone

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