Alzheimer’s disease: From basic science to precision medicine approach
Open accessAbstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly. Together with cerebral amyloid accumulation, several factors contribute to AD pathology including vascular alterations, systemic inflammation, genetic/epigenetic status and mitochondrial dysfunction. Much is now being devoted to neuroinflammation. However, anti-inflammatory drugs as numerous other therapies, mainly targeted on β-amyloid, have failed to show efficacious effects in AD. Timing, proper selection of patients, and the need for a multitarget approach appear to be the main weak points of current therapeutic efforts. The efficacy of a treatment could be better evaluate if efficient biomarkers are available. We propose here the application of precision medicine principles in AD to simultaneously verify the efficacy of a treatment and the reliability of specific biomarkers according to individually tailored biomarker-guided targeted therapies. People at risk of developing AD or in the very early phase of the disease should be stratified according to: (1) neuropsychological tests; (2) apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotyping; (3) biochemical analysis of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); (4) MRI and positron emission tomography and (5) assessment of their inflammatory profile by an integration of various genetic and biochemical parameters in plasma, CSF and an analysis of microbiota composition. The selected population should be treated with antiamyloidogenic and anti-inflammatory drugs in randomised, longitudinal, placebo-controlled studies using ad hoc profiles (eg, vascular profile, mitochondrial profile, etc…) If these criteria are adopted widely and the results shared, it may be possible to rapidly develop innovative and personalised drug treatment protocols with more realistic chances of being efficacious.
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The field of AD precision medicine has been significantly improved by the application of artificial intelligence.
“The field of AD precision medicine has been significantly improved by the application of artificial intelligence.”
From Recent Advances in Therapeutics for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (2024) · cites this paper as [216]
AI has transformed the processing, integration, and analysis of large-scale data produced by wearable sensors and OMICS or EXPOsOMICS-based measurement methodologies.
“Artificial intelligence (AI) has transformed the processing, integration, and analysis of large-scale data produced by wearable sensors and “OMICS” or “EXPOsOMICS”-based measurement methodologies.”
From Recent Advances in Therapeutics for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (2024) · cites this paper as [216]
These AI systems have demonstrated notable advances in diagnostic performance, particularly in radiology.
“These systems have demonstrated notable advances in diagnostic performance, particularly in radiology.”
From Recent Advances in Therapeutics for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (2024) · cites this paper as [216]
AI systems are very good at finding patterns, assessing large volumes of data, and forecasting the likelihood of developing diseases.
“These AI systems are very good at finding patterns, assessing large volumes of data, and forecasting the likelihood of developing diseases.”
From Recent Advances in Therapeutics for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (2024) · cites this paper as [216]
AI systems have been approved by the FDA for enhancing medical imaging assessments, including the identification of suspicious lesions.
“AI systems have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for enhancing medical imaging assessments, including the identification of suspicious lesions [37,213,216].”
From Recent Advances in Therapeutics for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (2024) · cites this paper as [216]
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The Potential Role of Gut Microbiota in Alzheimer’s Disease: From Diagnosis to Treatment
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Recent Advances in Therapeutics for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
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“AI systems have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for enhancing medical imaging assessments, including the identification of suspicious lesions [37,213,216].”
BackgroundPlasma ATN(I) classification and precision pharmacology in Alzheimer's disease
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How useful are biomarkers for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease and especially for its therapy?
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- Authors
- Forloni, G.
- Affiliations
- Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Forloni, Gianluigi
- ORCID
- Forloni, Gianluigi
- Venue
- BMJ Neurology Open
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2020-11
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- e000079
- ISSN
- 2632-6140 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7903168
- OpenAlex
- W3105438448
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 0.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMJ Neurology Open (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Fondazione Italo Monzino, Milan, Italy
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, precision medicine, biomarkers, neuroinflammation, apolipoprotein E, anti-inflammatory agents, anti-amyloid therapy, mitochondrial dysfunction, vascular changes, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, plasma biomarkers, gut microbiota, patient stratification, multi-target therapy, early-stage dementia
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