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Effects of exenatide and liraglutide on heart rate, blood pressure and body weight: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Open accessAbstract
Objectives: To synthesise current evidence for the effects of exenatide and liraglutide on heart rate, blood pressure and body weight. Design: Meta-analysis of available data from randomised controlled trials comparing Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues with placebo, active antidiabetic drug therapy or lifestyle intervention. Participants: Patients with type 2 diabetes. Outcome measures: Weighted mean differences between trial arms for changes in heart rate, blood pressure and body weight, after a minimum of 12-week follow-up. Results: 32 trials were included. Overall, GLP-1 agonists increased the heart rate by 1.86 beats/min (bpm) (95% CI 0.85 to 2.87) versus placebo and 1.90 bpm (1.30 to 2.50) versus active control. This effect was more evident for liraglutide and exenatide long-acting release than for exenatide twice daily. GLP-1 agonists decreased systolic blood pressure by −1.79 mm Hg (−2.94 to −0.64) and −2.39 mm Hg (−3.35 to −1.42) compared to placebo and active control, respectively. Reduction in diastolic blood pressure failed to reach statistical significance (−0.54 mm Hg (−1.15 to 0.07) vs placebo and −0.50 mm Hg (−1.24 to 0.24) vs active control). Body weight decreased by −3.31 kg (−4.05 to −2.57) compared to active control, but by only −1.22 kg (−1.51 to −0.93) compared to placebo. Conclusions: GLP-1 analogues are associated with a small increase in heart rate and modest reductions in body weight and blood pressure. Mechanisms underlying the rise in heart rate require further investigation.
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“Its efficacy in lowering glucose levels has been established, and it has been associated with slight reductions in weight and blood pressure.6–8”
From Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes (2016) · cites this paper as [8]
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“It has been associated with an increase in pulse rate.7,8”
From Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes (2016) · cites this paper as [8]
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“Liraglutide is known to increase heart rate with approximately 3 bpm (36)”
From Effect of liraglutide on atrial natriuretic peptide, adrenomedullin, and copeptin in PCOS (2018) · cites this paper as [36]
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Ali, M. A., Das, S., Kumar, R. R., & Rabindra, K. (2026) · International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology (IJISRT) · doi:10.38124/ijisrt/26oct881
Drugs for Weight Loss and Maintenance: Present and Future
Pasarica, M., & Smith, S. R. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1203-2_16
Metadata
- Authors
- Robinson, L. E., Holt, T. A., Rees, K., Randeva, H. S., & O'Hare, J. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Warwick (GB)
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Corresponding author
- Holt, Tim A
- Venue
- BMJ Open
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e001986
- ISSN
- 2044-6055 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3563145
- OpenAlex
- W2109677274
- Cited by
- 296
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 8
- FWCI
- 6.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- BMJ Open (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Amylin Pharmaceuticals
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (CL-2010-13-005)
- Novo Nordisk
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Pharmacology and Obesity Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Keywords
- exenatide, liraglutide, GLP-1 receptor agonists, type 2 diabetes, heart rate, blood pressure, body weight, exenatide twice daily, diabetes treatment
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