Evaluation of a wearable wireless device with artificial intelligence, iThermonitor WT705, for continuous temperature monitoring for patients in surgical wards: a prospective comparative study
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate a new-generation, non-invasive, wireless axillary thermometer with artificial intelligence, iThermonitor (WT705, Raiing Medical, Beijing, China), and to ascertain its feasibility for perioperative continuous body temperature monitoring in surgical patients. SETTING: Departments of Biliary Surgery and Operating Room and the post-anaesthesia care unit of a university teaching hospital in Chengdu, China. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 526 adult surgical patients were consecutively enrolled. DESIGN: This was a prospective observational study. Axillary temperatures were continuously recorded with iThermonitor throughout the whole perioperative period. The temperatures of the contralateral armpit were measured with mercury thermometers at 8:00, 12:00, 16:00 and 20:00 every day and were used as references. OUTCOME MEASURES: The outcomes were the accuracy and precision of the temperatures measured with iThermonitor, the validity to detect fever and the feasibility of continuous wear. Pairs of temperatures were evaluated with Student's t-test, Pearson's correlation and repeated-measures Bland-Altman plot. RESULTS: 0.755, p<0.001). The 95% limits of agreement (LoA) ranged from -0.63°C to 0.73°C, with 5.11% of the differences outside the 95% LoA. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.753. Continuous temperature monitoring captured more fevers than intermittent observation (117/526 vs 91/526, p<0.001), detected fever up to 4.35 hours earlier, and captured a higher peak temperature (0.29°C±0.27°C, 95% CI: 0.26-0.31). All subjects felt that wearing iThermonitor was more or less comfortable and did not affect their daily activities. CONCLUSIONS: iThermonitor is promising for continuous remote temperature monitoring in surgical patients. However, further developments are still needed to improve the precision of this device, especially for temperature detection in underweight patients and those with lower body temperature. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ChiCTR1900024549; Results (registered on 5 July 2019).
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From Artificial intelligence in nursing: an integrative review of clinical and operational impacts (2025) · cites this paper as [34]
Liu et al. (34) evaluated the iThermonitor WT705, an AI-assisted wearable thermometer, in surgical wards; the device identified fevers in 22% of patients compared to 17% with standard mercury thermometers and detected fevers up to 4.35 h earlier.
“Liu et al. (34) evaluated the iThermonitor WT705, an AI-assisted wearable thermometer, in surgical wards. The device identified fevers in 22% of patients compared to 17% with standard mercury thermometers and detected fevers up to 4.35 h earlier, allowing nurses to manage potential infections or complications proactively.”
From Artificial intelligence in nursing: an integrative review of clinical and operational impacts (2025) · cites this paper as [34]
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- Authors
- Liu, Y., Liu, C., Gao, M., Wang, Y., Bai, Y., Xu, R., & Gong, R.
- Affiliations
- Sichuan University (CN)
- West China Hospital of Sichuan University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Gong, Renrong
- Venue
- BMJ Open
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2020-11
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- e039474
- ISSN
- 2044-6055 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7677341
- OpenAlex
- W3101682050
- Cited by
- 35
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 1.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMJ Open (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Sichuan University West China Nursing Discipline Development Special Fund Project (NO.HXHL19031)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Thermal Regulation in Medicine
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Infrared Thermography in Medicine
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Hemodynamic Monitoring and Therapy
- Keywords
- perioperative monitoring, surgical patients, fever detection, non-invasive temperature measurement, artificial intelligence, remote patient monitoring
- MeSH terms
- Beijing, Wearable Electronic Devices, Adult, Artificial Intelligence, Body Temperature, China, Humans, Prospective Studies, Temperature, Thermometers, Reproducibility of Results
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