The DOI matches its Crossref record; the references it cites are not checked yet.
Associations between daily screen time and sleep in a racially and socioeconomically diverse sample of US infants: a prospective cohort study
Open accessAbstract
Objective: To determine the associations between screen media use and sleep throughout infancy (3–12 months). Design: Prospective Nurture birth cohort. Setting: North Carolina, USA, 2013–2015. Participants: Women enrolled in their second to third trimester, completed a phone interview after birth, and completed home visits at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months post partum. Primary and secondary outcome measures: Women reported the usual hours their infants slept during the day and night and their infants’ usual use of five screen media activities at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months post partum. Adjusted mixed-effects regression analyses modelled the associations between infant screen time and sleep outcomes while disaggregating the between-infant and within-infant effects. Results: Among 558 mother–infant dyads, 374 (67.0%) infants were black and 304 (54.5%) households earned <$20 000 per year. Half (254, 50.2%) of the infants engaged with screens at 3 months of age, while 326 (72.9%) engaged at 12 months. The median value of the average daily screen time over the study period was 50 (IQR: 10–141) min. Infant screen time was inversely associated with night-time sleep duration only when considering between-infant effects (adjusted beta: −2.9; 95% CI −5.9 to 0.0; p=0.054 for log-transformed screen time). Effects were stronger for television+DVD viewing specifically (adjusted beta: −5.2; 95% CI −9.1 to −1.4; p<0.01 for log-transformed television+DVD time). For example, an infant who averaged 1 hour of television+DVD viewing over the study period slept, on average, 9.20 (95% CI 9.02 to 9.37) hours per night by 12 months compared with 9.60 (95% CI 9.41 to 9.80) hours per night for an infant with no screen time over the study period. There were no significant within-infant effects between screen time and night-time sleep, and screen time was not associated with daytime sleep or night-time awakenings. Conclusions: Screen time during infancy was inversely associated with night-time sleep duration; however, causal associations remain uncertain. Trial registration number: NCT01788644.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
There is no significant association between screen time and daytime sleep or nighttime awakenings.
“Emond (36) found no significant association between screen time and daytime sleep or nighttime awakenings.”
From The association of screen time and the risk of sleep outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2025) · cites this paper as Emond (36)
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet
References 44 · Cited by 17
Research works printed but not linked: 36
- 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2004.07.005 · DOI
- Gibson, 2012, Actigraphic sleep and developmental progress of one-year-old infants, Sleep Biol Rhythms, 10, 77, 10.1111/j.1479-8425.2011.00525.x · DOI
- 10.1016/j.infbeh.2017.02.002 · DOI
- 10.1001/archpedi.162.4.305 · DOI
- 10.1111/j.1365-2869.2009.00772.x · DOI
- Halal, 2016, Short sleep duration in the first years of life and Obesity/Overweight at age 4 years: a birth cohort study, J Pediatr, 168, 99, 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.09.074 · DOI
- 10.1016/j.smrv.2010.08.003 · DOI
- 10.1016/j.smrv.2011.06.001 · DOI
- Tham, 2017, Infant sleep and its relation with cognition and growth: a narrative review, Nat Sci Sleep, 9, 135, 10.2147/NSS.S125992 · DOI
- Mindell, 2016, Development of infant and toddler sleep patterns: real-world data from a mobile application, J Sleep Res, 25, 508, 10.1111/jsr.12414 · DOI
- 10.1038/srep41926 · DOI
- Chen, 2019, Screen viewing behavior and sleep duration among children aged 2 and below, BMC Public Health, 19, 10.1186/s12889-018-6385-6 · DOI
- 10.1016/j.acap.2010.01.007 · DOI
- Przybylski, 2019, Digital screen time and pediatric sleep: evidence from a Preregistered cohort study, J Pediatr, 205, 218, 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.09.054 · DOI · Paper page
- Ribner, 2019, Why won't she sleep? Screen exposure and sleep patterns in young infants, Infant Behav Dev, 57, 101334, 10.1016/j.infbeh.2019.101334 · DOI
- 10.1016/j/smrv.2014.07.007 · DOI
- 10.1542/peds.2016-2593 · DOI · Paper page
- Hipp D , Gerhardstein P , Zimmermann L . The dimensional divide: learning from TV and touchscreens during early childhood. In: Media exposure during infancy and early childhood. The effects of content and context on learning and development, 2016. · DOI
- 10.1542/peds.2016-2591 · DOI
- 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013939 · DOI
- 10.1192/bjp.150.6.782 · DOI · Paper page
- Coll, 2019, Efficacy of regular exercise during pregnancy on the prevention of postpartum depression: the PAMELA randomized clinical trial, JAMA Netw Open, 2, 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.6861 · DOI
- 10.1016/0193-3973(95)90028-4 · DOI
- Figueiredo, 2017, Exclusive breastfeeding at three months and infant sleep-wake behaviors at two weeks, three and six months, Infant Behav Dev, 49, 62, 10.1016/j.infbeh.2017.06.006 · DOI
- Chen, 2017, Complex childcare experiences and sleep outcomes in young children, Sleep Health, 3, 373, 10.1016/j.sleh.2017.07.005 · DOI
- 10.1016/j.sleep.2011.10.017 · DOI
- Coyne, 2020, Prenatal predictors of media use during infancy, Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw, 23, 377, 10.1089/cyber.2019.0477 · DOI
- 10.1007/s10995-019-02852-y · DOI
- Dias, 2021, Unidirectional and bidirectional links between maternal depression symptoms and infant sleep problems, J Sleep Res, 10.1111/jsr.13363 · DOI
- Covington, 2021, The contributory role of the family context in early childhood sleep health: a systematic review, Sleep Health, 7, 254-265, 10.1016/j.sleh.2020.11.010 · DOI
- 10.1542/peds.2011-3153 · DOI
- 10.1542/peds.2010-3304 · DOI
- 10.1093/jpepsy/jsn018 · DOI
- Sadeh, 1994, Sleep and temperament: maternal perceptions of temperament of Sleep-Disturbed toddlers, Early Education & Development, 5, 311, 10.1207/s15566935eed0504_6 · DOI
- 10.1542/peds.2013-2367 · DOI
- Trinh, 2020, Association of Trajectory and Covariates of Children’s Screen Media Time, JAMA Pediatr, 174, 71, 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.4488 · DOI · Paper page
Metadata
- Authors
- Emond, J. A., O'Malley, A. J., Neelon, B., Kravitz, R. M., Ostbye, T., & Benjamin-Neelon, S. E.
- Affiliations
- Dartmouth College (US)
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Medical University of South Carolina (US)
- Duke University (US)
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Corresponding author
- Emond, Jennifer A
- Venue
- BMJ Open
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2021-06
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- e044525
- ISSN
- 2044-6055 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8231048
- OpenAlex
- W3176499023
- Cited by
- 17
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4
- FWCI
- 4.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMJ Open (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (5K01DK117971, R01DK094841)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Child Development and Digital Technology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Infant Health and Development
- Keywords
- infant sleep, daytime sleep, television viewing, screen media use, early childhood, racial diversity, socioeconomic status, mother-infant dyads, nocturnal awakenings, Black infants, low-income households
- MeSH terms
- Screen Time, Female, Humans, Infant, North Carolina, Prospective Studies, Sleep, Television
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
