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Cited by 110COVID-19 and Mental HealthCriminal Justice and Corrections AnalysisMigration, Health and Trauma

Scoping review of mental health in prisons through the COVID-19 pandemic

Open access
Johnson, Luke, Gutridge, Kerry, Parkes, Julie, Roy, Anjana, Plugge, Emma·2021·BMJ Open
DOI 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046547PMC PMC8727680
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Abstract

Objective: To examine the extent, nature and quality of literature on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of imprisoned people and prison staff. Design: Scoping review. Data sources: PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Global Health, Cochrane, PsycINFO, PsychExtra, Web of Science and Scopus were searched for any paper from 2019 onwards that focused on the mental health impact of COVID-19 on imprisoned people and prison staff. A grey literature search focused on international and government sources and professional bodies representing healthcare, public health and prison staff was also performed. We also performed hand searching of the reference lists of included studies. Eligibility criteria for selection of studies: All papers, regardless of study design, were included if they examined the mental health of imprisoned people or prison staff specifically during the COVID-19 pandemic. Imprisoned people could be of any age and from any countries. All languages were included. Two independent reviewers quality assessed appropriate papers. Results: Of 647 articles found, 83 were eligible for inclusion, the majority (58%) of which were opinion pieces. The articles focused on the challenges to prisoner mental health. Fear of COVID-19, the impact of isolation, discontinuation of prison visits and reduced mental health services were all likely to have an adverse effect on the mental well-being of imprisoned people. The limited research and poor quality of articles included mean that the findings are not conclusive. However, they suggest a significant adverse impact on the mental health and well-being of those who live and work in prisons. Conclusions: It is key to address the mental health impacts of the pandemic on people who live and work in prisons. These findings are discussed in terms of implications for getting the balance between infection control imperatives and the fundamental human rights of prison populations.

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  • Offering prisoners who are quarantined with better greenery views may help reduce mental illness and related consequences.

    “Besides, offering prisoners who are quarantined with better greenery views may help reduce mental illness and related consequences (8).”

    From Can Viewing Nature Through Windows Improve Isolated Living? A Pathway Analysis on Chinese Male Prisoners During the COVID-19 Epidemic (2021) · cites this paper as [8]

    The Results (Changes in movement and activities) report concern that isolation may worsen prisoners’ mental health, and the Summary identifies measures that may lessen those effects. Neither passage addresses greenery views or whether providing them helps reduce mental illness or its consequences; searches for greenery and views found no such passage in our copy. Page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • During the COVID-19 pandemic, inmates had minimal access to mental health supports, worsening the mental exhaustion caused by being removed from the rest of society.

    “Especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, inmates had minimal access to mental health supports, worsening the mental exhaustion caused by being removed from the rest of society (Johnson et al., 2021).”

    From A Scoping Review of the Relationships Between Cash Bail, Failure to Appear, Re-Arrest, Health and Well-Being, Race, and Gender (2026) · cites this paper as Johnson et al., 2021

    The Results summary identifies isolation and reduced or discontinued mental health services as key challenges, and reports overwhelmingly negative mental-health impacts during the pandemic. The ‘Changes in mental and substance health services’ section says routine services were withdrawn in many places, not that inmates generally had minimal access; the Discussion describes isolation’s further effects as likely rather than established. (LLM, conf=0.82)

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Johnson, L., Gutridge, K., Parkes, J., Roy, A., & Plugge, E.
Affiliations
  • University of Southampton (GB)
  • University of Manchester (GB)
  • Public Health England (GB)
Corresponding author
Johnson, Luke
ORCID
Venue
BMJ Open
Publisher
BMJ
Published
2021-05
Volume
11
Issue
5
Pages
e046547
ISSN
2044-6055 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046547
PMC
PMC8727680
OpenAlex
W3160670841
Cited by
110
References
7
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 8
FWCI
15.69
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • BMJ Open (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
National Institute for Health and Care Research (ACF-2019-26-004)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
Keywords
COVID-19 pandemic, prison mental health, prison staff mental health, isolation, fear of COVID-19, prison visits, prison mental health services, infection control, prisoners' rights, prison conditions
MeSH terms
COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Humans, Mental Health, Prisons, Pandemics

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