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Cited by 2Criminal Justice and Corrections AnalysisCriminal Justice and PenologyLaw, Economics, and Judicial Systems

A Scoping Review of the Relationships Between Cash Bail, Failure to Appear, Re-Arrest, Health and Well-Being, Race, and Gender

Open access
Scheadler, Travis R., Radney, Angelise, Smith, Brianna L., Munshi, Additti, Cole, Emily·2026·American Journal of Criminal Justice
DOI 10.1007/s12103-025-09860-5
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Abstract

Cash bail has traditionally been used in the United States to prevent defendants from failing to appear in court and from committing additional crimes prior to their hearing. Yet, the inability to afford cash bail has contributed to the expansion of the jail and prison population in the United States. Meanwhile, activists continue to question the efficacy of cash bail to achieve the goals of reducing failure to appear and re-arrest rates. Activists also have suggested that cash bail may negatively impact the health and well-being of defendants and may disproportionately affect individuals based on their race, ethnicity, and gender. The present study synthesized recent empirical literature on cash bail to help determine the effects of cash bail. Results indicate cash bail is mostly ineffective at reducing failure to appear and re-arrest rates. Based on results from the included studies, cash bail also has harsher consequences for Black, Hispanic, and male defendants than White and female defendants. Further, early evidence suggests cash bail negatively harms the health and well-being of defendants. Implications for the future of cash bail and possible alternatives are discussed.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This scoping review synthesized 24 recent US studies on cash bail and found it generally ineffective at reducing failure to appear and re-arrest, while early evidence links it to harms and racial/ethnic/gender disparities. Black, Hispanic, and male defendants generally experienced harsher cash bail outcomes than White and female defendants.

Key findings

  • Across 24 included studies, cash bail was mostly ineffective at reducing failure to appear (FTA) and re-arrest. FTA findings were mixed: two studies found cash bail release associated with higher odds of FTA, while Barno et al. (2020) found admission to a pretrial assessment and release supervision program was associated with 43% lower odds of FTA, and Heaton (2021) found a bail advocate reduced FTA likelihood by approximately 64%.
  • For re-arrest, being granted release on recognizance was almost two times less likely to be re-arrested in one study (Smith et al., 2020); each additional $1,000 in cash bail increased odds of re-arrest by approximately 1% (Monaghan et al., 2022); and having a bail advocate was associated with a 26% lower risk of re-arrest (Heaton, 2021).
  • Racial/ethnic disparities were prominent: Black defendants paid as much as 6–10% more in bail than White defendants, and Hispanic defendants paid as much as 14–31.8% more. Black and Hispanic defendants were also more likely to be detained pretrial than White defendants.
  • Gender disparities appeared in 10 studies: male defendants had lower odds of being granted ROR and were more likely to be assigned cash bail; in family violence cases, male defendants were assigned bail 2.625 times more often than female defendants (Freiburger & Romain, 2018). Men received bail amounts 51.7% higher (Freiburger & Romain, 2018) and 63% higher (Hissong & Wheeler, 2019) than women, remaining 25% higher after controls in the latter study. Only one included study examined health and well-being, with early evidence suggesting negative impacts.

Methods

  • Scoping review following PRISMA-ScR and Arksey & O’Malley’s five-step framework, with PICO used to frame research questions on adults impacted by cash bail in the US, comparing cash bail to alternatives such as pretrial supervision or release on recognizance.
  • Inclusion criteria required primary research on cash bail and FTA, re-arrest, health/well-being, race, gender, or ethnicity; US-based; adults in the criminal justice system; published on or after January 1, 2017; and available in English as peer-reviewed work or a dissertation/thesis.
  • Searched nine databases on March 6, 2023, yielding 1,167 records; after removing 516 duplicates, 651 titles/abstracts were screened, 120 full texts were screened, and 24 studies were included. Data were charted by reviewers, summarized with descriptive statistics in Microsoft Excel, and analyzed using thematic content analysis with deductive coding.

Limitations

  • The paper states that it only included US sources published on or after January 1, 2017; broad questions and diverse methods made meta-analysis infeasible; search terms did not include “bond” without “cash”; grey literature was excluded; scoping reviews do not often evaluate methodological rigor; the search was conducted on March 6, 2023, so later articles were excluded; and it only included articles focused on cash bail rather than broader pretrial detention.
  • The paper also states that most included research relied on administrative data, and it calls for more primary data collection, qualitative approaches, and triangulation across sources.
  • Evident from the review: only one included study examined health and well-being, and all included studies used administrative data, so conclusions about health and well-being are described as early and limited.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s12103-025-09860-5

Cites

45 of 45 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

7 of 99 cited sources checked · 3 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Self-harming is highly prevalent among incarcerated individuals.

    “Kaba et al. (2014) even noted that self-harming is highly prevalent among incarcerated individuals.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kaba et al. (2014) source
  • Findingnone given

    Early evidence suggests cash bail negatively harms the health and well-being of defendants.

    “Further, early evidence suggests cash bail negatively harms the health and well-being of defendants.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Included studies largely relied upon administrative data (n = 24, 100%).

    “Included studies largely relied upon administrative data (n = 24, 100%)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Cash bail is mostly ineffective at reducing failure to appear and rearrest rates.

    “Results indicate cash bail is mostly ineffective at reducing failure to appear and rearrest rates.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingreasoning

    The 10 studies provide mixed evidence on the relationship between cash bail and FTA.

    “These studies provide mixed evidence on the relationship between cash bail and FTA.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 29
  • May combine two claims. 29
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    There was no significant relationship between cash bail and FTA.

    “Other scholars found no significant relationship between cash bail and FTA (Clipper et al., 2017;Monaghan et al., 2022;Zottola & Desmarais, 2022).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Clipper et al., 2017 source

      The Results report a statistically significant difference in FTA between cash and commercial bonds among all defendants: commercial-bond defendants had an FTA rate 0.10 lower. They also report a significant cash-bond versus pretrial-services difference for misdemeanors. Thus, the unqualified claim of no significant relationship is contrary to this paper's findings. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Monaghan et al., 2022 source
    • cites Zottola & Desmarais, 2022 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Arksey & O'Malley's five-step framework was used to guide the study.

    “Arksey & O'Malley's (2005) five-step framework for designing scoping reviews was also used to guide the study.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Arksey & O'Malley's (2005) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    This study followed PRISMA-ScR guidelines.

    “This study followed guidelines set by the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses extension for scoping reviews (Levac et al., 2010;Tricco et al., 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Levac et al., 2010 source

      The Summary says Levac et al. offer recommendations for conducting and reporting scoping studies, so the citation supports the general reference to scoping-review guidance. It does not identify those recommendations as PRISMA-ScR guidelines or establish that the citing study followed PRISMA-ScR. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Tricco et al., 2018 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    During the COVID-19 pandemic, inmates had minimal access to mental health supports, worsening the mental exhaustion caused by being removed from the rest of society.

    “Especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, inmates had minimal access to mental health supports, worsening the mental exhaustion caused by being removed from the rest of society (Johnson et al., 2021).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Johnson et al., 2021 source

      The Results summary identifies isolation and reduced or discontinued mental health services as key challenges, and reports overwhelmingly negative mental-health impacts during the pandemic. The ‘Changes in mental and substance health services’ section says routine services were withdrawn in many places, not that inmates generally had minimal access; the Discussion describes isolation’s further effects as likely rather than established. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    This review expands upon previous research that has examined racial, ethnic, and gender disparities in convictions and sentencing, showing that similar disparities also exist during the pretrial stage.

    “This expands upon previous research that has examined racial, ethnic, and gender disparities in convictions and sentencing, showing that similar disparities also exist during the pretrial stage (Omori & Petersen, 2020;Paul et al., 2020).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Omori & Petersen, 2020 source
    • cites Paul et al., 2020 source

      The Discussion section, “Interconnected and Compounding Effects of Structural Racism” (page unavailable), reports that Black Americans are more likely to be detained pretrial and face disparities in wrongful convictions and sentencing. It does not report ethnic or gender disparities at the pretrial stage; its comparison of incarceration rates for Black and White men and women does not establish those parts of the claim. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    There were 10 studies that reported on FTA.

    “There were 10 studies that reported on FTA.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    One study used narrative storytelling but did not specify how these data were collected.

    “One study (4.2%) also used narrative storytelling but did not specify how these data were collected.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    One study used data from various jurisdictions across the United States (n = 1, 4.2%).

    “One study (n = 1, 4.2%) used data from various jurisdictions across the United States.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Most data were based on defendants in the northeastern (n = 7, 29.2%) or southeastern United States (n = 7, 29.2%).

    “Regionally, most data were based on defendants in the northeastern (n = 7, 29.2%) or southeastern United States (n = 7, 29.2%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The remaining included studies utilized mixed methods designs (n = 3, 12.5%).

    “the remaining studies utilized mixed methods designs (n = 3, 12.5%)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Other data were based in the southwest (n = 4, 16.7%), Midwest (n = 3, 12.5%), or west (n = 2, 8.3%).

    “Others were based in the southwest (n = 4, 16.7%), Midwest (n = 3, 12.5%), or west (n = 2, 8.3%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Some included studies also used interviews (n = 2, 8.3%).

    “while some also used interviews (n = 2, 8.3%)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    Having a bail advocate reduced the likelihood of FTA by approximately 64%.

    “Similarly, Heaton (2021) concluded that having a bail advocate reduced the likelihood of FTA by approximately 64%.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Heaton (2021)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Black and Latino defendants were more likely to be assigned cash bail or assigned supervised release than White defendants.

    “The authors added that Black and Latino defendants were more likely to be assigned cash bail or assigned supervised release than White defendants who were more likely to be granted ROR.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Copp et al. (2022) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Eight included records mentioned the relationship between cash bail and re-arrest rates, largely arguing that cash bail and re-arrest rates are positively related.

    “Eight included records mentioned the relationship between cash bail and re-arrest rates, largely arguing that cash bail and re-arrest rates are positively related.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Male defendants were more likely to be denied ROR and be assigned cash bail or detained.

    “In addition, male defendants were more likely to be denied ROR and be assigned cash bail or detained”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Freiburger & Romain 2018 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Individuals in the Early Release Program (ERP) had the highest FTA and re-arrest rates.

    “Individuals in the Early Release Program (ERP) had the highest FTA and re-arrest rates.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Adams & Baumer 2019

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Hispanic defendants had significantly higher bail amounts than White defendants while there were no other significant differences on bail amounts.

    “Though, Hispanic defendants had significantly higher bail amounts than White defendants while there were no other significant differences on bail amounts.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Freiburger & Romain 2018 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Both Black and White judges were more likely to grant White defendants ROR than Black defendants, who were more likely to be detained pretrial or assigned cash bail.

    “Both Black and White judges were more likely to grant White defendants ROR than Black defendants, who were more likely to be detained pretrial or assigned cash bail.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Boldt et al 2021 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Prior FTA did not significantly impact bail decisions but did increase odds of being held on bail.

    “Williams (2018) also shared that prior FTA did not significantly impact bail decisions but did increase odds of being held on bail.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Williams (2018)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    Being released on cash bail resulted in marginally lower odds of FTA compared to those granted ROR.

    “However, others found that being released on cash bail resulted in marginally lower odds of FTA compared to those granted ROR (Adams & Baumer, 2019;de Figueiredo & Thorley, 2022).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Adams & Baumer, 2019

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites de Figueiredo & Thorley, 2022

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    At the bivariate level, race was negatively related to pretrial detention for White defendants but positively related to pretrial detention for Black defendants.

    “At the bivariate level, race was negatively related to pretrial detention for White defendants but positively related to pretrial detention for Black defendants.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cadoff et al 2021 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Those released on bond had higher FTA and re-arrest rates than detainees released following court orders or serving their time.

    “Those released on bond had higher FTA and re-arrest rates than detainees released following court orders or serving their time.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Adams & Baumer 2019

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Black defendants were more likely than White defendants to face felony charges, were more likely to face charges involving drugs, weapons, or violence, and were more likely to use a public defender.

    “Though, Black defendants were more likely than White defendants to face felony charges, were more likely to face charges involving drugs, weapons, or violence, and were more likely to use a public defender.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Donnelly & MacDonald 2018

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Black defendants were more likely to be detained pretrial, were more likely to be assigned cash bail, and were assigned significantly higher bail amounts compared to White defendants.

    “Black defendants were more likely to be detained pretrial, were more likely to be assigned cash bail, and were assigned significantly higher bail amounts compared to White defendants.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Donnelly & MacDonald 2018

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Being assigned cash bail was connected to lower re-arrest rates, but these differences only lasted for 6-12 months.

    “Meanwhile, de Figueiredo & Thorley (2022) argued being assigned cash bail was connected to lower re-arrest rates, but these differences only lasted for 6-12 months.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites de Figueiredo & Thorley (2022)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Black and Hispanic defendants pay higher cash bail and are more likely to be detained compared to White defendants.

    “For instance, Black and Hispanic pay higher cash bail and are more likely to be detained compared to White defendants (e.g., Freiburger & Romain, 2018;Hissong & Wheeler, 2019).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Freiburger & Romain, 2018 source
    • cites Hissong & Wheeler, 2019 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    The presence of bail advocates helped to prevent racial bias from affecting pretrial outcomes, ultimately minimizing racial disparities related to cash bail.

    “The presence of bail advocates also helped to prevent racial bias from affecting pretrial outcomes, ultimately minimizing racial disparities related to cash bail.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Cash bail may not be an effective or fair method for promoting public safety.

    “Thus, cash bail may not be an effective or fair method for promoting public safety.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    One of four reviewers prepared a summary for their assigned category, which was checked for accuracy by at least one other reviewer.

    “One of four reviewers then prepared a summary for their assigned category, which was checked for accuracy by at least one other reviewer.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    All authors regularly met to hold reflexive meetings to discuss findings, minimize biases, resolve disputes, and achieve consensus.

    “Finally, all authors regularly met to hold reflexive meetings to discuss findings, minimize biases, resolve disputes, and achieve consensus.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Each study was charted by one of four reviewers and checked by another reviewer for accuracy.

    “Each study was charted by one of four reviewers and checked by another reviewer for accuracy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    24 studies were included in the review.

    “Ultimately, 24 studies were included in the review (see Fig. 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The efficacy of cash bail has been questioned.

    “However, the efficacy of cash bail has been questioned (Monaghan et al., 2022).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Monaghan et al., 2022 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Gender differences in cash bail amounts varied across studies, which may be attributed to the sample of defendants and the degree of the offense committed.

    “However, gender differences in cash bail amounts varied across studies which may be attributed to the sample of defendants and the degree of the offense committed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Cash bail has been used in the US criminal justice system to deter defendants from failing to appear at their trials and to prevent them from committing additional crimes.

    “Cash bail has been used in the US criminal justice system to deter defendants from failing to appear at their trials and to prevent them from committing additional crimes (DeWitt, 2019;Myers, 1981;Vargas, 2019).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites DeWitt, 2019

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Myers, 1981 source
    • cites Vargas, 2019

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The database search was conducted on March 6, 2023, and some relevant articles published after this date were excluded from this scoping review.

    “Moreover, the database search was conducted on March 6, 2023 and some relevant articles have been published after this date, resulting in their exclusion from this scoping review (e.g., Ouss & Stevenson, 2023).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ouss & Stevenson, 2023 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Included studies show Black, Hispanic, and male defendants experience worsened outcomes related to cash bail compared to White defendants and female defendants.

    “The included studies show Black, Hispanic, and male defendants experience worsened outcomes related to cash bail compared to White defendants and female defendants.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    This scoping review included broad questions and allowed for studies with diverse methodological approaches to be included, making a meta-analysis infeasible.

    “This scoping review also included broad questions and allowed for studies with diverse methodological approaches to be included, making a meta-analysis infeasible.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Grey literature was not included in this scoping review.

    “Further, grey literature was not included; yet reports from relevant organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union and the Prison Policy Initiative, among others, may contain pertinent information related to cash bail and reform efforts.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Cash bail appears to be ineffective at reducing FTA and re-arrest rates and seems to exacerbate disparities and health and well-being.

    “Cash bail appears to be ineffective at reducing FTA and re-arrest rates and seems to exacerbate disparities and health and well-being.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The search terms and phrases did not include 'bond' without the term 'cash' in front of it.

    “Also, the search terms and phrases did not include”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    This review only included articles that focused on cash bail and did not broadly focus on pretrial detention.

    “Finally, this review only included articles that focused on cash bail and did not broadly focus on pretrial detention.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Findings point to racial and gender biases and harmful implications for health and well-being.

    “In addition, findings point to racial and gender biases and harmful implications for health and well-being.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Cash bail traps individuals in poverty.

    “Stevenson (2018) similarly noted that pretrial detention was associated with greater nonbail court fees and argued that cash bail traps individuals in poverty.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Stevenson (2018) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Pretrial detention may decrease access to supports and increase risks for illness and/or violence.

    “More specifically, pretrial detention may decrease access to supports and increase risks for illness and/or violence.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Criminal institutionalization puts many at risk for physical violence.

    “Likewise, prior research has argued that criminal institutionalization isolates individuals from opportunities to socialize, increases exposure to infections and viruses, and puts many at risk for physical violence (Crane & Pascoe, 2021).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Crane & Pascoe, 2021 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Criminal institutionalization increases exposure to infections and viruses.

    “Likewise, prior research has argued that criminal institutionalization isolates individuals from opportunities to socialize, increases exposure to infections and viruses, and puts many at risk for physical violence (Crane & Pascoe, 2021).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Crane & Pascoe, 2021 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The data suggest supervised release programs and the inclusion of bail advocates may be necessary to decrease FTA and re-arrest.

    “The data suggest supervised release programs and the inclusion of bail advocates may be necessary to decrease FTA and re-arrest.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Criminal institutionalization isolates individuals from opportunities to socialize.

    “Likewise, prior research has argued that criminal institutionalization isolates individuals from opportunities to socialize, increases exposure to infections and viruses, and puts many at risk for physical violence (Crane & Pascoe, 2021).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Crane & Pascoe, 2021 source
50 of 50

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    No scoping review on cash bail has been completed.

    “Yet, no such review on cash bail has been completed.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Most evidence of the health and well-being of defendants either does not relate to cash bail or is not empirical.

    “However, most evidence of the health and well-being of defendants either does not relate to cash bail or is not empirical.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    New Jersey became the first state to effectively eliminate cash bail in 2017.

    “which was the year that New Jersey became the first state to effectively eliminate cash bail.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Research published prior to 2017 might be outdated and/or irrelevant to the current climate of cash bail reform efforts.

    “As such, research published prior to 2017 might be outdated and/or irrelevant to the current climate of cash bail reform efforts.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Most other countries do not rely on cash bail.

    “Though, most other countries do not rely on cash bail.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Receiving pretrial detention is not always the result of an inability to afford cash bail.

    “However, it is important to note that receiving pretrial detention is not always the result of an inability to afford cash bail.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Administrative data are not at risk of social desirability bias, a lack of self-awareness, recall bias, and/or other related biases from the participants.

    “That is, administrative data are not at risk of social desirability bias, a lack of selfawareness, recall bias, and/or other related biases from the participants.”
7 of 7

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Schlesinger study has conflicting publication years

    Minor

    The text cites Schlesinger as a 2007 study, but the reference list dates the study to 2005.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 14

  1. Adams, K., & Baumer, T. L. (2019). Opening the “back door” to control a local jail population: Emergency release. Justice Policy Journal, 16(2), 1–20. Accessed 1 May 2023.
  2. Baughman, S. B. (2019). Dividing bail reform. Iowa Law Review, 105, 947–1026.
  3. Caldwell, H. M. (2011). Coercive plea bargaining: The unrecognized scourge of the justice system. Catholic University Law Review, 61(1), 63–96.
  4. Colbert, D., & Starger, C. (2022). A butterfly in COVID: Structural racism and Baltimore’s pretrial legal system. Maryland Law Review, 82(1), 1–54.
  5. de Figueiredo, M. F. P., & Thorley, D. (2022). Pretrial disparity and the consequences of money bail. Maryland Law Review, 81(2), 557–640. https://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/mlr/vol81/iss2/4/. Accessed 1 May 2023.
  6. Donnelly, E. A., & MacDonald, J. M. (2018). The downstream effects of bail and pretrial detention on racial disparities in incarceration. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 108(4), 775–814. https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc/vol108/iss4/4/. Accessed 1 May 2023.
  7. Feiler, J. (2022). America’s cash bail crisis: Learning from our common-law roots. Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review, 45(2), Article 4.
  8. Heaton, P. (2021). Enhanced public defense improves pretrial outcomes and reduces disparities. Indiana Law Journal, 96(3), 701–750.
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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Scheadler, T. R., Radney, A., Smith, B. L., Munshi, A., & Cole, E.
Affiliations
  • University of North Carolina at Charlotte (US)
  • The Ohio State University (US)
Corresponding author
Scheadler, Travis R.
ORCID
Venue
American Journal of Criminal Justice
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2025-10-18
Volume
51
Issue
4
Pages
899-922
ISSN
  • 1066-2316 (ISSN-L)
  • 1936-1351
DOI
10.1007/s12103-025-09860-5
OpenAlex
W4415323619
Semantic Scholar
09a5f8cd92dc4b09f5e773a0d7f9e42238d528fa
Cited by
2
References
44
Citations by year
2026: 2
FWCI
3.59
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
American Journal of Criminal Justice (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
University of North Carolina at Charlotte
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
  • Social Sciences › Law › Criminal Justice and Penology
  • Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems
Keywords
cash bail, failure to appear, rearrest, pretrial detention, racial disparities, gender disparities, Black defendants, Hispanic defendants

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