What is positionality and should it be expressed in quantitative studies?
Open accessAbstract
Although we are increasingly reaping the benefits of qualitative studies, their approach and that of quantitative studies remain rather separate. Emergency medicine practitioners thrive off research in context as we deal with such an undifferentiated population however quantitative 'hard-science' work is conspicuous for its absence of positionality. This contrasts strongly with the way in which qualitative research, within the domain of so-called soft-science literature, uses positionality as an integral element of the research process. Without contextualising the researcher and research environment in qualitative studies, often the meaning of any research output is lost. What follows is that positionality does not undermine the truth of such research, instead it defines the boundaries within which the research was produced. The absence of positionality when considered alongside the notion of bias, may challenge the quantitative idea of validity.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The text we found for this paper looks like another document, so the self-check wasn’t run.
Cites
Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock
Rivers, E., Nguyen, B., Havstad, S., Ressler, J., Muzzin, A., Knoblich, B., Peterson, E., & Tomlanovich, M. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa010307 · Cited by 10,743 · see citing works
Identifying and Avoiding Bias in Research
Pannucci, C. J., & Wilkins, E. G. (2010) · Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e3181de24bc · Cited by 1,079 · see citing works
A Comparative Discussion of the Notion of 'Validity' in Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Winter, G. (2000) · The Qualitative Report · doi:10.46743/2160-3715/2000.2078 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Beyond Making a Statement: An Intersectional Framing of the Power and Possibilities of Positioning
Boveda, M., & Annamma, S. A. (2023) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x231167149 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
“…& Jokinen, 2017; D’silva et al., 2016; Evans-Winters, 2011; Fremlova, 2018), the professional tensions they encountered in the field (e.g., Fletcher, 2010; Mason-Bish, 2019), or how positionality aligns with methodological approaches (e.g., Cousin, 2010; Holmes, 2020; Jafar, 2018; Lin, 2015).”
BackgroundIdentity, positionality and reflexivity: relevance and application to research paramedics
Wilson, C., Janes, G., & Williams, J. (2022) · British Paramedic Journal · doi:10.29045/14784726.2022.09.7.2.43 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
“Jafar (2018) argues that all researchers direct their research based on countless factors and that leaving out the positionality of the research team and context deprives the reader of the opportunity to determine how important these factors might be.”
BackgroundHird, C., David-Chavez, D., Gion, S. S., & van Uitregt, V. O. (2023) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.245302 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Thalmayer, A. G., Saucier, G., & Rotzinger, J. S. (2022) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/00220221221111813 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“While discussions of ontology andreflexivity (ongoing evaluation of one’s role in the research process and subjective experiences) are more associated with qualitative research, they have great potential value for quantitative psychologists as well (Finlay, 1998; Jafar, 2018).”
BackgroundMadkins, T. C., & Morton, K. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Science Mathematics and Technology Education · doi:10.1007/s42330-021-00159-1 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“In so doing, we hope to make visible the experiences we bring to our research and teaching that shape our anti-racist approaches (Jafar, 2018; Milner, 2007).”
BackgroundBennett, E. (2021) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/03616843211036460 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Adley, M., Alderson, H., Jackson, K., McGovern, W., Spencer, L., Addison, M. T., & O'Donnell, A. J. (2023) · International Journal of Social Research Methodology · doi:10.1080/13645579.2023.2228600 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“While discussions about positionality are an integral part of qualitative research, they can also be of benefit within quantitative studies, helping to define boundaries and clarify the researchers’ influence on the study (Jafar, 2018; Schmitz & Hamann, 2022).”
Epistemological Diversity, Constructionism, and Social Justice Research in School Psychology
Sabnis, S. V., & Newman, D. S. (2022) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/2372966x.2022.2094283 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“There have also been increasing calls for quantitative researchers to incorporate positionality statements in their manuscripts (e.g., Godwin, 2020; Jafar, 2018).”
Coretta, S., Casillas, J. V., Roessig, S., Franke, M., Ahn, B., Al‐Hoorie, A. H., Al‐Tamimi, J., Alotaibi, N. E., AlShakhori, M. K., Altmiller, R. M., et al. (2023) · Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/25152459231162567 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Comparative privacy research: Literature review, framework, and research agenda
Masur, P. K., Epstein, D., Quinn, K., Wilhelm, C., Baruh, L., & Lutz, C. (2025) · The Information Society · doi:10.1080/01972243.2025.2451863 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“In any research, we need to acknowledge that researchers’ identity, personal characteristics and histories, as well as institutional incentives and constraints, shape their perspectives and subsequently their scholarship (Jafar 2018).”
Rethinking Rigor: Using Positionality and Reflexivity to Enhance Sport Management Scholarship
Sveinson, K., Delia, E. B., Melton, E. N., Dalal, K., & Cunningham, G. B. (2025) · Journal of Sport Management · doi:10.1123/jsm.2024-0155 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Jafar (2018) noted: without knowing anything of the positionality of the research team and context, a reader can never know whether the researchers thought this had any in fl uence on the study, nor can they judge how important they think it is in interpreting the study as a whole.”
Henderson, C., Scott, T., Schinder, B., Hager, E., Friedman, F. S., Miller, E. B., & Ragavan, M. I. (2022) · Community Health Equity Research & Policy · doi:10.1177/0272684x221117710 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Positionality probes how identities in fl uence, shape, and organize our relationship with information, 31 while also thinking more deeply about how biases and structural inequities are revealed through positionality statement-making, holding the authors accountable to this implicit-ness ahead of…”
BackgroundSocio-ecological impacts of extreme weather events in two informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya
Balakrishnan, A. K., Otieno, S. A., Dzombo, M. N., Plaxico, L., Ukoh, E., Obara, L. M., Brown, H., Musyimi, C. W., Lincoln, C., Yang, L. S., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1389054 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
A guide for social science journal editors on easing into open science
Silverstein, P., Elman, C., Montoya, A. K., McGillivray, B. C., Pennington, C. R., Harrison, C. H., Steltenpohl, C. N., Röer, J. P., Corker, K. S., Charron, L., et al. (2024) · Research Integrity and Peer Review · doi:10.1186/s41073-023-00141-5 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Similarly, positionality statements – statements used to contextualize the researcher and research environment [13, 100] – have been common in some varieties of qualitative research for several years, but are only just beginning to be considered a useful tool for quantitative research [101].”
BackgroundMadkins, T. C., & Nazar, C. (2022) · Science Education · doi:10.1002/sce.21757 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
McMaughan, D. J., Imanpour, S., Mulcahy, A. C., Jones, J. L., & Criss, M. M. (2023) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221143592 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Historically an integral part of qualitative research, positionality is also valuable in quantitative research for understanding the lens through which the research was conducted (Jafar, 2018).”
BackgroundValidity and Transparency in Quantifying Open-Ended Data
Conry‐Murray, C., Waltzer, T., DeBernardi, F. C., Fossum, J. L., Haasova, S., Matthews, M. S., O’Mahony, A., Moreau, D., Baum, M. A., Karhulahti, V., et al. (2024) · Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/25152459241275217 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Therefore, some researchers include positionality statements to convey their potential biases, their status and privilege, and how they intend to remain aware of these factors (e.g., by having others review their coding efforts; Holmes, 2020; Jafar, 2018; Shaw, 2010).”
Be Humble, Learn, and Care: Culturally Responsive Evidence-Based Practice
Ala’i-Rosales, S., Pritchett, M., Linden, A., Cunningham, I., & Syed, N. Y. (2022) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-96478-8_9 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Winter, S. C., Musyimi, C. W., Mutiso, V., & Ndetei, D. M. (2023) · Global Public Health · doi:10.1080/17441692.2023.2200499 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Findings and our interpretations should be viewed in light of the positionality and approaches of the researchers, authors, and study team (Jafar, 2018).”
BackgroundInternalized Racism and Mental Health: The Moderating Role of Collective Racial Self-Esteem
Sanders, S., Williams, T., Berry, A., Garcia-Aguilera, C., Robinson, K., Martin, R., & Jones, P. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14111003 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Ugiagbe, M., Allan, H. T., Traynor, M., & Collins, L. (2024) · Nursing Inquiry · doi:10.1111/nin.12684 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Bostwick, K. C. P., Martin, A. J., Lowe, K., Vass, G., Woods, A. F., & Durksen, T. L. (2025) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2025.105020 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Al-Zaman, M. S., Khemka, A., Zhang, A., & Rockwell, G. (2023) · Journal of Academic Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10805-023-09491-7 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Bias leads to distorted outcomes in research by deliberately hiding a position, whereas positionality is meaningful for research as it attempts to be honest about how our research is shaped through interpretation and representation (Hammersley & Gomm, 1997; Jafar, 2018).”
Coretta, S., Casillas, J. V., & Roettger, T. B. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/q8t2k · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Nolan, D. A., Horgan, P., MacNamara, Á., & Egan, B. (2023) · International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching · doi:10.1177/17479541231169371 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Positionality is aligned with reflexivity and understands that research is a process in which our own experiences shape and, dialectically, is shaped by the ongoing research process and its importance is increasingly recognised in research.(41) The background of the lead author offered him ‘insider’ status when speaki…”
BackgroundKatz‐Wise, S. L., Sarda, V., Line, E. C., Marchwinski, B. R., Budge, S. L., Godwin, E. G., Moore, L., Ehrensaft, D., Rosal, M. C., & Thomson, K. A. (2023) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-023-02738-2 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“To align this research with best practice recommendations for addressing positionality in quantitative studies (Hope et al., 2019; Jafar, 2018), we include a positionality statement to provide relevant information about the research team and to make any potential biases transparent.”
Nolan, D., Horgan, P., MacNamara, Á., & Egan, B. (2024) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2024.2388992 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Recognition of this important as it enhances the research creativity (Jafar, 2018).”
Reimagining Medical Education Toward Antiracist Praxis
Mabeza, R. M., & Legha, R. K. (2023) · Health Equity · doi:10.1089/heq.2023.0135 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“boundaries within which knowledge is produced and, therefore, interpreted.(16) When discussing the history and legacy of racism in medicine, it is critical to interrogate our own histories and realities of oppression and”
Sanitation-related violence against women in informal settlements in Kenya: a quantitative analysis
Winter, S. C., Johnson, L., & Dzombo, M. N. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1191101 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Finally, findings and our interpretations should be viewed in light of the positionality and approaches of the researchers, authors, and study team (74).”
BackgroundDarbyshire, D., Brewster, L., Isba, R., Body, R. M., & Goodwin, D. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038229 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Enhancing rigor and justice in genetic counseling research with reflexivity and positionality
Zayhowski, K., Borle, K. J., & Channaoui, N. (2025) · Journal of Genetic Counseling · doi:10.1002/jgc4.70066 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Using reflexive research practices to understand how and when individual, institutional, and societal values show up is key to responsible and ethical research practices (Jafar, 2018; Winburn & Clemmons, 2021).”
Why I declare a conflict of interest and you should not
Acem, E., Aczél, B., Albayrak, N., Brown, N. J. L., Dudda, L. A., Elsherif, M., Gjoneska, B., Kowal, M., Krishna, A., Miłkoś, S., et al. (2025) · Theory and society · doi:10.1007/s11186-025-09641-3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…this issue in the General Discussion where we will tackle the issue of researcher positionality (Conry-Mur-ray et al., 2024; Foote & Bartell, 2011; Jafar, 2018), a form of perspectivity that is rooted in social, cultural, historical, and political positions of researchers, and that of reflexivity…”
The Case for QuantCrit: An Analysis of Race and Gender in the Journal of Research in Music Education
Menon, S. A., Martin, A., & Bohn, A. (2025) · Journal of Research in Music Education · doi:10.1177/00224294241308231 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Furthermore, this practice can highlight researcher intentions for research that might otherwise remain hidden (Jafar, 2018).”
Cross-cultural adaptation and its impact on research in emergency care
Roberts, T., Carlton, E. W., Booker, M. J., Voss, S. E., Vaillancourt, S., Jafar, A. J. N., & Benger, J. R. (2023) · Emergency Medicine Journal · doi:10.1136/emermed-2022-212337 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Roskvist, R. P., Dizon, L., Drayton, B., Grice, J. S. L., Veukiso-Ulugia, A., Fenaughty, J., Farrant, B., Carroll, R., & Clark, T. C. (2025) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.anzjph.2025.100292 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Rila, A., King, S. A., Bruhn, A. L., & Estrapala, S. (2025) · Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions · doi:10.1177/10983007251335369 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“There is little consensus regarding the extent to which authors of quantitative studies should describe their background (Jafar, 2018).”
Mulqueeny, D. M., & Taylor, M. (2019) · Social Work/Maatskaplike Werk · doi:10.15270/55-1-691 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Bell, T. R., & Rosado, S. E. (2023) · Feminist Media Studies · doi:10.1080/14680777.2023.2258295 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“All researchers approach studies with unique assumptions and worldviews based on their experiences, and Anisa J Jafar (2018) suggests quantitative researchers should identify positionality to acknowledge “ who is doing the measuring” (324) to help contextualize findings.”
Perceptions of performativity in English Further Education
Poole, R. (2022) · Research in Post-Compulsory Education · doi:10.1080/13596748.2021.2011518 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Vong, S. (2021) · The Journal of Academic Librarianship · doi:10.1016/j.acalib.2021.102457 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Perspectives on Positionality Statements in Scholarly Discourse
Beck, C. T. (2024) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jogn.2024.09.010 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Paganini, G. A., Weaver, A. E., Carroll, A., Ruben, M. A., Mathur, V. A., & Lloyd, E. P. (2025) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2025.105430 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Who Belongs in Schools? How the Education System Fails Racially Marginalised Students
Yared, H., Grové, C., & Chapman, D. (2022) · Sustainable development goals series · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-5908-9_13 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
(FULL GUIDE) A Guide for Social Science Journal Editors on Easing into Open SciencePreprint
Silverstein, P., Elman, C., Montoya, A. K., McGillivray, B. C., Pennington, C. R., Harrison, C. H., Steltenpohl, C. N., Röer, J. P., Corker, K. S., Charron, L., et al. (2023) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/hstcx · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Casillas, J. V., Constantin-Dureci, G., Rascón, I. A., Shao, J., Rodríguez, S. A., Gadamsetty, A., Minetti, A., Laungani, K., Thatcher, J., Gardere, R.-T., et al. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/spz4w · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Sharma, B., Hope, A. G., & Neupane, D. (2024) · Oryx · doi:10.1017/s0030605323001849 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Martin, A. J., Bostwick, K. C. P., Durksen, T. L., Amazan, R., Lowe, K., & Weuffen, S. (2024) · The Australian Educational Researcher · doi:10.1007/s13384-024-00779-0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Although positionality statements are regularly included in qualitative studies, researchers are increasingly recognising their importance in quantitative methodologies (Jafar, 2018).”
Toward the advancement of equity in scientific publishing.
Schick, M. R., McClure, E. A., & Tomko, R. L. (2023) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0001214 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Blair, E., & Pavlova, G. (2025) · Research Methods in Medicine & Health Sciences · doi:10.1177/26320843251338520 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Journal of Nursing Education's Continued Commitment to Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
Barton, A. J., & Gamm, E. L. (2022) · Journal of Nursing Education · doi:10.3928/01484834-20221011-01 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Olive, J. L., Gilbert, C., Wronowski, M. L., & Peddle, A. (2023) · Teachers and Teaching: theory and practice · doi:10.1080/13540602.2023.2291069 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“We begin with a brief reflection of our own identities and experiences as researchers, grounded in our belief that doing so ‘does not undermine the truth of [academic] research [but instead] defines the boundaries within which the research was produced’ (Jafar, 2018, p. 323).”
Embedding reflection into the science curriculum in higher education
Williams, K. A., Grinsted, L., Lowe, T., & Brindley, J. (2025) · Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education · doi:10.47408/jldhe.vi36.1469 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Balancing act of academic clinical fellows in UK emergency medicine: a qualitative study
Barrett, L., Shanahan, T. A. G., Fish, R., Newcombe, V., Body, R. M., & Jafar, A. J. N. (2026) · Emergency Medicine Journal · doi:10.1136/emermed-2025-215373 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bracken, J., Kelly, A. N., Meyer, E. C., Hass, R., Xiao, E., Harmon, T. G., Skidmore, E. R., Pompon, R. H., & Evans, W. S. (2026) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2026_ajslp-25-00434 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Morse, J. W., & Ventriss, C. L. (2018) · Administrative Theory & Praxis · doi:10.1080/10841806.2018.1485454 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Even in largely quantitative fields, awareness of the influence of individual positionality (Jafar, 2018) on research and practice increasingly permeates the academic discourse.”
BackgroundRecommendation: Add a competency on diversity and inclusion
Liu, S.-N. C., Bergman, M. E., & Hernandez, T. R. (2020) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1017/iop.2020.21 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“There has been some effort to extend positionality to quantitative work, so that readers can better understand the context of the researchers and the participants (Jafar, 2018).”
BackgroundGoverning landscapes through partnerships : Lessons from Amboseli, Kenya
Mugo, T. (2021) · doi:10.18174/541492 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Incivility Experiences of New Graduate Nurses
Blackstock, S. (2021) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3-2ps0-dm47
Zimbabwean parents' experiences of bearing and raising children in the UK
Machaka, R. (2021) · Sheffield Hallam University · doi:10.7190/shu-thesis-00489
Kudliskis, V. (2023) · International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH · doi:10.29121/granthaalayah.v11.i3.2023.5096
Reilly, J. (2023) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.242770
González, D. J. X., Staley, B. S., Andrea, S. B., DeVilbiss, E. A., Fink, D. S., Peña, C., Reed, D. M., Díaz-Santana, M. V., Fasehun, L.-K. O., Alvero, A., et al. (2024) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwae104
Conducting Multi-nation Research
Martos, T., Rosta‐Filep, O., León, G. A., Orbán, K., & Kanth, D. B. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009345774.003
Patankar, K. U., Ranato-Dunbar, K., Ljubojevic, M., & Wortham, W. K. (2025) · Journal of Public Mental Health · doi:10.1108/jpmh-02-2025-0021
Beyond self-care: Developing a climate survey for school psychology programs
Tanaka, M. L., Kulkarni, T., Zahn, M. R., Muldrew, A. C., Thompson, H., & Young, K. M. (2025) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2025.101457
Conley, C. S., Broner, S. E., Ruggieri, A. L., Lipson, S. K., & Eisenberg, D. (2025) · NASPA Journal · doi:10.1080/19496591.2025.2472345
“Indeed, researchers cannot completely eliminate subjectivity, even in quantitative research (Jafar, 2018).”
Casillas, J. V., Constantin-Dureci, G., Rascón, I. A., Shao, J., Rodríguez, S. A., Gadamsetty, A., Minetti, A., Laungani, K., Thatcher, J., Gardere, R.-T., et al. (2025) · Linguistics · doi:10.1515/ling-2023-0249
The Balancing Act of Academic Clinical Fellows in UK Emergency Medicine: A Qualitative StudyPreprint
Barrett, L., Shanahan, T. A. G., Fish, R., Newcombe, V., Body, R. M., & Jafar, A. J. N. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.07.17.25331691
O’Donovan, S., Monaghan, S., Murphy, Á. C., & Conroy, P. M. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17213411
“The acknowl-edgement of this is significant as it fosters research creativity [51].”
Steindl, E.-L., & Wang, J. (2026) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83662-436-320261014
Shifrer, D., Ellefritz, H. S., Hernández-Saca, D. I., Roda, A., & Martinez, K. S. (2026) · Educational Policy · doi:10.1177/08959048251415407
Measurement in Caribbean Special and Inclusive Education
Mahon, E., Dedrick, R. F., & Kim, E. (2025) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/979-8-88730-870-820251006
Luna, L. (2026) · Revista Guillermo de Ockham · doi:10.21500/22563202.8132
- Authors
- Jafar, A. J. N.
- Affiliations
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Jafar, Anisa J N
- ORCID
- Jafar, Anisa J N
- Venue
- Emergency Medicine Journal
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2018-01-11
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 323-324
- ISSN
- 1351-0622 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-0205
- 1472-0213
- OpenAlex
- W2784299132
- Cited by
- 81
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2018-06-06)
- Open access
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Emergency Medicine Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Royal College of Emergency Medicine
- Hong Kong Academy of Medicine
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Qualitative Research Methods and Ethics
- Social Sciences › Education › Qualitative Research Methods and Applications
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Research and Methods
- Keywords
- researcher positionality, quantitative research, qualitative research, research bias, validity, researcher reflexivity, emergency medicine research, context in research
- MeSH terms
- Evaluation Studies as Topic, Humans, Research Design
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
