The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Expression of the cathelicidin LL-37 is modulated by short chain fatty acids in colonocytes: relevance of signalling pathways
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) exert profound effects on the colonic mucosa. In particular, SCFA modulate mucosal immune functions. The antimicrobial cathelicidin LL-37 is expressed by colon epithelial cells. In the present study the effect of SCFA on LL-37 expression was investigated. METHODS: LL-37 expression in vivo was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Real time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was employed to determine LL-37 expression in colonocytes in vitro after treatment with various cytokines, SCFA, or flavone. LL-37 levels were correlated to cell differentiation which was determined by alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity. In addition, intracellular signalling pathways such as MEK-ERK (mitogen/extracellular signal protein kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal regulated protein kinase (ERK)) and p38/mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase were explored. RESULTS: In vivo, LL-37 expression in healthy mucosa was restricted to differentiated epithelial cells in human colon and ileum. In colonocytes, increased LL-37 expression associated with cell differentiation was detected in vitro following treatment with butyrate, isobutyrate, propionate, and trichostatin A. Flavone induced LL-37 transcription but did not affect AP activity while cytokines had no effect. To dissect pathways mediating differentiation and LL-37 expression, specific inhibitors were applied. Inhibition of the protein kinase MEK enhanced butyrate induced AP activity while LL-37 expression in colon epithelial cells was blocked. In contrast, inhibition of p38/MAP kinase blocked cell differentiation without inhibiting LL-37 expression. CONCLUSIONS: Expression of the cathelicidin LL-37 in colonocytes and cellular differentiation are separately modulated by SCFA via distinct signalling pathways. These data may provide a rationale for dietary modulation of mucosal defence mechanisms.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“microbial metabolites are integral for promoting immune responses in the gut against pathogens, including inducing secretion of IL-18 (36) and defensins (37, 38)”
From Respiratory viral infection-induced microbiome alterations and secondary bacterial pneumonia. (2018) · cites this paper as [37]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A peptide antibiotic from human skin
Harder, J., Bartels, J., Christophers, E., & Schröder, J. ‐. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/43088 · Cited by 1,365
Innate antimicrobial peptide protects the skin from invasive bacterial infection
Nizet, V., Ohtake, T., Lauth, X., Trowbridge, J., Rudisill, J., Dorschner, R. A., Pestonjamasp, V., Piraino, J., Huttner, K., & Gallo, R. L. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35106587 · Cited by 1,198
Human β-Defensin-1 Is a Salt-Sensitive Antibiotic in Lung That Is Inactivated in Cystic Fibrosis
Goldman, M. J., Anderson, G. M., Stolzenberg, E. D., Kari, U. P., ZASLOFF, M. A., & Wilson, J. M. (1997) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81895-4 · Cited by 1,077
Wilson, C. L., Ouellette, A. J., Satchell, D. P., Ayabe, T., López-Boado, Y. S., Stratman, J. L., Hultgren, S. J., Matrisian, L. M., & Parks, W. C. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.286.5437.113 · Cited by 1,076
Frohm, M., Agerberth, B., Ahangari, G., Ståhle‐Bäckdahl, M., Lidén, S., Wigzell, H., & Gudmundsson, G. H. (1997) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.272.24.15258 · Cited by 803
Agerberth, B., Charo, J., Werr, J., Olsson, B., Idali, F., Lindbom, L., Kiessling, R., Jörnvall, H., Wigzell, H., & Gudmundsson, G. H. (2000) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v96.9.3086 · Cited by 758
Effects of short chain fatty acids on gut morphology and function
Scheppach, W. (1994) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.35.1_suppl.s35 · Cited by 756
Bals, R., Wang, X., ZASLOFF, M. A., & Wilson, J. M. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.16.9541 · Cited by 745
Effect of butyrate enemas on the colonic mucosa in distal ulcerative colitis
Scheppach, W. M., Sommer, H., Kirchner, T., Paganelli, G.-M., Bartram, P., Christl, S. U., Richter, F., Dusel, G., & Kasper, H. (1992) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/0016-5085(92)91094-k · Cited by 740
Conformation-dependent Antibacterial Activity of the Naturally Occurring Human Peptide LL-37
Johansson, J., Gudmundsson, G. H., Rottenberg, M. E., Berndt, K. D., & Agerberth, B. (1998) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.273.6.3718 · Cited by 662
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–382 of 382
Fecal Biomarkers for Research on Dietary and Lifestyle Risk Factors in Colorectal Cancer Etiology
Kato, I., Startup, J. J., & Ram, J. L. (2013) · Current Colorectal Cancer Reports · doi:10.1007/s11888-013-0195-0 · Cited by 5
The impact of the gut microbiome on toxigenic bacteria
Koosha, R. Z., Fazel, P., Sedighian, H., Behzadi, E., Hedayati, M., & Fooladi, A. A. I. (2021) · Microbial Pathogenesis · doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105188 · Cited by 5
Gut microbiota and immunology of the gastrointestinal tract
Manley, G. C. A., Lee, Y. K., & Zhang, Y. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813037-7.00004-2 · Cited by 5
Giacomini, P. V., Braga, F. D. S. C., Araujo, R. G. A. C., da Cruz, V. C., & Polycarpo, G. D. V. (2022) · Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science · doi:10.1590/1806-9061-2021-1463 · Cited by 5
Barron, A. E., Lin, J. S., Ryder, M. I., & Bergman, P. N. (2025) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.70060 · Cited by 4
Mishra, A. A., Palmer, S. N., Zarek, C. M., Coughlin, L. A., Poulides, N. A., Dakour, J., Chiu, R. S.-Y., Sabaeifard, P., Li, W., Morrill, A. C., et al. (2026) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2026.05.007 · Cited by 4
Host Defense Peptides as Innate Immunomodulators in the Pathogenesis of Colitis
Holani, R., Marin, M. S., Kastelic, J. P., & Cobo, E. R. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814319-3.00007-6 · Cited by 4
Rogoll, D., Schauber, J., Koy, M., Stich, A., & Scheppach, W. M. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022049 · Cited by 4
Self-citationAssays for Identifying Inducers of the Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37
Nylén, F., Bergman, P., Gudmundsson, G. H., & Agerberth, B. (2016) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-6737-7_19 · Cited by 4
Majeed, J., Reang, J., Sharma, K., Acharya, P. C., & Sharma, P. C. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90575-6.00012-0 · Cited by 4
Targeting histone deacetylases for bacterial infections
Łagosz-Ćwik, K. B., & Grabiec, A. M. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816422-8.00010-6 · Cited by 4
Włodarczyk, J., Kamysz, E., & Fichna, J. (2025) · Pharmacological Reports · doi:10.1007/s43440-025-00790-x · Cited by 3
Sanapala, P., & Pola, S. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-3156-6_2 · Cited by 3
Wound Repair and Antimicrobial Peptides
Ståhle, M. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-0541-4_5 · Cited by 3
Agerberth, B., Bergman, P., & Gudmundsson, G. H. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-0541-4_14 · Cited by 3
EnterohemorrhagicEscherichia coliPathogenesis and the Host Response
Karpman, D., & Ståhl, A.-L. (2015) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555818791.ch19 · Cited by 3
Antimicrobial Peptides: Effectors of Innate Immunity
ZASLOFF, M. A. (2014) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555817671.ch17 · Cited by 3
Microbial Production of Bioactive Metabolites
Mills, S., Ross, R. P., Fitzgerald, G. F., & Stanton, C. (2009) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444316223.ch9 · Cited by 3
Volman, J. J. (2010) · doi:10.26481/dis.20100226jv · Cited by 3
Induction and regulation of CAMP gene expression
Steinmann, J. (2009) · Skemman · Cited by 3
Correlation Between Gut Microbiota and Chronic Metabolic Diseases
Nawaz, A., Zafar, S., Shahzadi, M., Sharif, M., Saeeda, U. H., Khalid, N. A., & Khan, S. (2024) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394238071.ch5 · Cited by 4
Gong, T., Lu, X., Zhang, H., Su, W., Jin, Y., He, H., Yao, B., Jin, M.-L., Wang, Y.-Z., & Cheng, Y.-Z. (2025) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2025.114552 · Cited by 3
Yun, Y., Xu, G., Jiang, X., Ren, X., Lu, M., Chen, J., & Zhang, S. (2025) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cph4.70078 · Cited by 2
Gracia, L., Hughes, E. R., Middleton, D. R., Mueller, K. D., Portillo, J., Sharma, A., Davey, L., Panzetta, M. E., Chanin, R. B., Bhatt, A. S., et al. (2026) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.01048-26 · Cited by 2
LL-37 as a Bioactive Peptide with Multifocal Mechanisms of Action
Tzortzis, E., Skeva, A., Euthymiou, G., Themelidis, D., Giousouf, G., Chronopoulos, D., Papamichail, A., Kyrkou-Brakatsoula, E., Mamali, G., Cassimos, D. C., et al. (2026) · Acta Microbiologica Hellenica · doi:10.3390/amh71030024 · Cited by 2
Guo, W., Lv, G., Yang, D., Zhang, W., Li, N., Hu, J., Wu, Y., Pi, Z., & Lin, Z. (2023) · Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.cjac.2023.100354 · Cited by 2
Silent neonatal influenza A virus infection primes systemic antimicrobial immunity
Heinemann, A. S., Stalp, J. L., Bonifacio, J. P. P., Silva, F., Willers, M., Heckmann, J., Fehlhaber, B., Völlger, L., Raafat, D., Normann, N., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1072142 · Cited by 2
İnsan bağırsak mikrobiyomunu COVID-19 için tedavi stratejileriyle ilişkilendiren mekanizmalar
Akın, N., & Özışık, D. (2023) · Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi dergisi/Bursa uludağ üniversitesi ziraat fakültesi dergisi · doi:10.20479/bursauludagziraat.1276832 · Cited by 2
Microbial Diversity and Their Role in Human Health and Diseases
Bhat, M. H., Hajam, Y. A., Neelam, N., Kumar, R., & Diksha, D. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-3126-2_1 · Cited by 2
Yu, Y., Jin, F., Wang, L., Cheng, J., & Pan, S. (2025) · Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.3390/vetsci12070642 · Cited by 2
Aroylated phenylenediamine HO53 modulates innate immunity, histone acetylation and metabolism
Barrier, M. L., Myszor, I. T., Sahariah, P., Sigurðsson, S., Carmena‐Bargueño, M., Pérez‐Sánchez, H., & Gudmundsson, G. H. (2023) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2023.02.003 · Cited by 2
Streptococcus pneumoniae GAPN is a key metabolic player necessary for host infection
Lee, E., Saviola, A. J., Bevers, S. G., Redzic, J. S., Maroney, S. P., Shaw, S., Tamkin, E., Fulte, S., Nemkov, T. G., Meyer, N., et al. (2024) · Protein Science · doi:10.1002/pro.5253 · Cited by 1
Branco, P., Maurício, E. M., Raposo, L. R., & Roma‐Rodrigues, C. (2026) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics15070649 · Cited by 1
Prebiotics and Probiotics: Infant Health and Growth
Indrio, F., & Riezzo, G. (2012) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-62703-254-4_22 · Cited by 1
Debnath, N., Yadav, A. K., & Kumar, A. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91313-3.00004-0 · Cited by 1
Probiotic Bacteria in Microbiome against Allergy
Fard, N. A., Mazhary, Z., & Javanshir, N. (2020) · Biochemistry · doi:10.5772/intechopen.93385 · Cited by 1
Chicken antimicrobial peptides: biological functions and possible applications
van Dijk, A. I. J. M. (2007) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · Cited by 1
The epidemiology, risk factors and diagnosis of neonatal sepsis
Velaphi, S. (2017) · Cited by 1
Defence capabilities of human intestinal epithelial cells
Fahlgren, A. (2003) · DiVA at Umeå University (Umeå University)
Inducción de péptidos antimicrobianos en epitelio de vías respiratorias
Guaní-Guerra, E. (2011)
Studies of the role of the cathelicidin peptide LL-37 in epithelial biology
Jimenez, C., & Ibel, C. (2010) · Figshare
Studies on leukotriene B4 and alarmins in inflammatory responses
Wan, M. (2010) · Figshare
Expression and regulation of antimicrobial peptides in mucosal immunity
Cederlund, A. (2012) · Figshare
ROLE OF ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES IN COMBATING SHIGELLOSIS AND IN ANTIBIOTIC-ASSOCIATED DIARRHEA
Sarker, P. (2012) · Figshare
Die Wirkung von Vitamin D3-Analoga auf die Cathelicidin-Expression in der Haut bei Psoriasis
Groß, K. (2010) · Elektronische Hochschulschriften der LMU München (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München) · doi:10.5282/edoc.12599
Antimicrobial peptides and pathogenic Neissera : Experimental studies in mouse, man and rat
Bergman, P. (2005) · Figshare
Psoriasis: Molecular targets of denervation and therapy
Baerveldt, E. M. (2013) · RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam)
Antimicrobial peptides and proteins in host-microbe interaction and immediate defense
Kai-Larsen, Y. (2009) · Figshare
Lactobacilli- and Staphylococcus aureus mediated modulation of immune responses in vitro
Haileselassie, Y. (2016) · DiVA (Stockholm University)
Modulation of innate immunity in lung epithelium
Kulkarni, N. N. (2016) · Skemman
Choi, K.-Y. G. (2016) · Mspace (University of Manitoba)
Holani, R., Lopes, F., Blyth, G. A. D., Jijon, H. B., McKay, D. M., Hollenberg, M. D., & Cobo, E. R. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/389726
Muvva, S. J. R. (2019) · Figshare
Τaka, S. (2021) · The microbiomes of humans, animals, plants, and the environment · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-59642-2_10
Respiratory microbiome and its susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
Semail, N. (2019) · Universiti Sains Malaysia Institutional Repository (Universiti Sains Malaysia)
Current Knowledge About the Implication of Bacterial Microbiota in Human Health and Disease
Nikolova, D. N. (2021) · Acta Medica Bulgarica · doi:10.2478/amb-2021-0047
GI Disease Nutrition Management: Inflammatory Bowel Disease
(2016) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781315381664-5
Electrochemistry meets mass spectrometry
Sanz, J. A. (2022) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · doi:10.33612/diss.256856845
Gridnyev, O., Fadieienko, G. D., Kushnir, I. Е., & Gridnieva, S. V. (2023) · Modern Gastroenterology · doi:10.30978/mg-2023-1-55
Gastrointestinal microbiome and coronavirus disease: evidence of a bidirectional association
Houston, K. V., Patel, A., Saadeh, M., Vargas, A., Sangay, A. R. V., D’Souza, S. M., Yoo, B. S., & Johnson, D. A. (2023) · Exploration of Medicine · doi:10.37349/emed.2023.00130
Gut Microbiota and Host Immune System in Cancer
Sunita, P., Pattanayak, S. P., Ranjan, G., & Bose, P. (2023) · BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS eBooks · doi:10.2174/9789815124781123030004
Assessment Of Serum Cathelicidin Level as Potential Roles for Complications in Patients With Β-Tm
(2023) · Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.47750/jptcp.2023.30.13.015
Antimicrobial Peptides: A Biological Barrier That Extends Its Action Outside the Intestine
Penc, A., Rebhi, F., & Diana, J. (2025) · The microbiomes of humans, animals, plants, and the environment · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-84065-4_3
Epigenetics and pharmacoepigenetics of bacterial infections
Drapala, D. M., & Grabiec, A. M. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-18722-3.00012-8
Lucero, C. M. (2013) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
Kim, D. M., Liu, J., Whitmore, M. A., Tobin, I., Zhao, Z., & Zhang, G. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25329753
Additional file 1 of Microbial signature in IgE-mediated food allergies
Goldberg, M. R., Mor, H., Neriya, D. M., Magzal, F., Muller, E., Appel, M. Y., Nachshon, L., Borenstein, E., Tamir, S., Louzoun, Y., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13151880
Endogenous cathelicidin protects against Toxoplasma gondii- associated liver damage
Tan, Y. L., Cavalcante, P. A., Cirone, K. M., Tran, J., Fiorani, F., Young, D., Dufour, A., Finney, C. A. M., & Cobo, E. R. (2026) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.00708-25
Fischer, N. (2014) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/7ecf88e2z7851z4354zb134z317e666a94cb
Impact du microbiote intestinal sur les surinfections bactériennes post-grippales
Sencio, V. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/15f9ad6cz34d4z4d8azac75zece70c0fd094
The role of acetate in macrophage`s response against Streptococcus pneumoniae
Machado, M. G. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/f2058831za458z4ca4z867fz1ea52e000463
Role of gut antimicrobial peptides in autoimmune diabetes
Liang, W. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/c6de56d0z81a5z4ca8zb878z9a08dd3b00c4
The role of microbiome–mucosal barrier interactions in neoplastic diseases
Toth, E., Sipos, A., Mikó, E., Nyerges, P., & Bai, P. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-40306-4.00007-7
Lanzieri, M., Musco, N., Accetta, F., Addeo, N. F., Panettieri, V., Borrelli, L., Guarnieri, A., Salvia, R., Scieuzo, C., Bonis, A. D., et al. (2026) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2026.117085
Lee, J.-H., Kim, S.-H., Kim, E.-K., Lee, K.-A., Bhin, J., Hwang, D., Lee, D. G., Bahn, Y., & Lee, W. (2026) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2026.09.077
Update on feed additives and enteric health.
Ducatelle, R., Eeckhaut, V., Teirlynck, E., Pasmans, F., Haesebrouck, F., & Immerseel, F. V. (2009)
Metadata
- Authors
- Schauber, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Würzburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Schauber, J
- Venue
- Gut
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2003-05-01
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 735-741
- ISSN
- 0017-5749 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC1773650
- OpenAlex
- W2130246343
- Cited by
- 383
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 8.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Gut (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Boehringer Ingelheim Fonds
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Stiftelsen för Strategisk Forskning
- Karolinska Institutet
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Antimicrobial Peptides and Activities
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Keywords
- cathelicidin LL-37, short-chain fatty acids, colonic epithelial cells, butyrate, MEK/ERK signaling, p38 MAPK, flavones, alkaline phosphatase activity, mucosal immunity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Alkaline Phosphatase, Biopsy, Butyrates, Cell Differentiation, Cell Line, Colon, Epithelial Cells, Fatty Acids, Volatile, Flavonoids, Humans, Hydroxamic Acids, Immunohistochemistry, Intestinal Mucosa, Protein Kinases, Protein Synthesis Inhibitors, Signal Transduction, Apoptosis, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides, Flavones, Cathelicidins
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review