Innate antimicrobial peptide protects the skin from invasive bacterial infection
Abstract
In mammals, several gene families encode peptides with antibacterial activity, such as the beta-defensins and cathelicidins. These peptides are expressed on epithelial surfaces and in neutrophils, and have been proposed to provide a first line of defence against infection by acting as 'natural antibiotics'. The protective effect of antimicrobial peptides is brought into question by observations that several of these peptides are easily inactivated and have diverse cellular effects that are distinct from antimicrobial activity demonstrated in vitro. To investigate the function of a specific antimicrobial peptide in a mouse model of cutaneous infection, we applied a combined mammalian and bacterial genetic approach to the cathelicidin antimicrobial gene family. The mature human (LL-37) and mouse (CRAMP) peptides are encoded by similar genes (CAMP and Cnlp, respectively), and have similar alpha-helical structures, spectra of antimicrobial activity and tissue distribution. Here we show that cathelicidins are an important native component of innate host defence in mice and provide protection against necrotic skin infection caused by Group A Streptococcus (GAS).
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The skin, particularly the epidermis, up-regulates and secretes antimicrobial peptides early in response to barrier damage and exposure to microbes.
“This is aided by the skin—the epidermis in particular—up-regulating and secreting antimicrobial peptides early in response to barrier damage and exposure to microbes (Fig. 2) (36, 37).”
From Wound repair and regeneration: Mechanisms, signaling, and translation (2014) · cites this paper as [37]
Cites
Zasloff, M. (1987) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.84.15.5449 · Cited by 2,305 · see citing works
β-Defensins: Linking Innate and Adaptive Immunity Through Dendritic and T Cell CCR6
Yang, D., Chertov, O., Bykovskaia, S. N., Chen, Q., Buffo, M. J., Shogan, J., Anderson, M., Schröder, J. M., Wang, J. M., Howard, O. M. Z., et al. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.286.5439.525 · Cited by 1,809 · see citing works
Defensins. Natural peptide antibiotics of human neutrophils.
Ganz, T., Selsted, M. E., Szklarek, D., Harwig, S. S. L., Daher, K. A., Bainton, D. F., & Lehrer, R. I. (1985) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci112120 · Cited by 1,416 · see citing works
Yang, D., Chen, Q., Schmidt, A. P., Anderson, G. M., Wang, J., Wooters, J., Oppenheim, J. J., & Chertov, O. (2000) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.192.7.1069 · Cited by 1,238 · see citing works
Human β-Defensin-1 Is a Salt-Sensitive Antibiotic in Lung That Is Inactivated in Cystic Fibrosis
Goldman, M. J., Anderson, G. M., Stolzenberg, E. D., Kari, U. P., ZASLOFF, M. A., & Wilson, J. M. (1997) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81895-4 · Cited by 1,077 · see citing works
Complete genome sequence of an M1 strain of Streptococcus pyogenes
Ferretti, J. J., McShan, W. M., Ajdić, D., Savić, D. J., Savić, G., Lyon, K., Primeaux, C., Sezate, S. A., Suvorov, A. N., Kenton, S., et al. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.071559398 · Cited by 936 · see citing works
Gudmundsson, G. H., Agerberth, B., Odeberg, J., Bergman, T., Olsson, B., & Salcedo, R. (1996) · European Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0325z.x · Cited by 579 · see citing works
Dorschner, R. A., Pestonjamasp, V. K., Tamakuwala, S., Ohtake, T., Rudisill, J., Nizet, V., Agerberth, B., Gudmundsson, G. H., & Gallo, R. L. (2001) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2001.01340.x · Cited by 567 · see citing works
Self-citationChertov, O., Michiel, D. F., Xu, L., Wang, J., Tani, K., Murphy, W. J., Longo, D. L., Taub, D. D., & Oppenheim, J. J. (1996) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.271.6.2935 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
Islam, D., Bandholtz, L., Nilsson, J., Wigzell, H., Christensson, B., Agerberth, B., & Gudmundsson, G. H. (2001) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/84627 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Gallo, R. L., Kim, K. J., Bernfield, M. R., Kozak, C. A., Zanetti, M., Merluzzi, L., & Gennaro, R. (1997) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.272.20.13088 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Self-citationBactericidal Activity of Mammalian Cathelicidin-Derived Peptides
Travis, S. M., Anderson, N. N., Forsyth, W. R., Espiritu, C., Conway, B. D., Greenberg, E. P., McCray, P. B., Lehrer, R. I., Welsh, M. J., & Tack, B. F. (2000) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.68.5.2748-2755.2000 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Gallo, R. L., Ono, M., Povsic, T. J., Page, C., Eriksson, E. K., Klagsbrun, M., & Bernfield, M. R. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.23.11035 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Self-citationInnate immunity and the normal microflora
Boman, H. G. (2000) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1034/j.1600-065x.2000.917301.x · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides and Their Multifunctional Role in the Immune System
Scott, M. G., & Hancock, R. E. W. (2000) · Critical Reviews in Immunology · doi:10.1615/critrevimmunol.v20.i5.40 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Resistance to host antimicrobial peptides is necessary for Salmonella virulence.
Groisman, E. A., Parra-Lopez, C., Salcedo, M., Lipps, C. J., & Heffron, F. (1992) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.89.24.11939 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Genetic Locus for Streptolysin S Production by Group A Streptococcus
Nizet, V., Beall, B., Bast, D. J., Datta, V., Kilburn, L., Low, D. E., & de Azavedo, J. C. S. (2000) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.68.7.4245-4254.2000 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Self-citationAntibiotic peptides from higher eukaryotes: biology and applications
Ganz, T., & Lehrer, R. I. (1999) · Molecular Medicine Today · doi:10.1016/s1357-4310(99)01490-2 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Bals, R., Weiner, D. J., Meegalla, R. L., & Wilson, J. M. (1999) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci6570 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Shi, J. N., Ross, C. R., Leto, T. L., & Blecha, F. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.12.6014 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Cole, A. M., Shi, J., Ceccarelli, A., Kim, Y.-H., Park, A., & Ganz, T. (2001) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v97.1.297 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis Mediated by Two Peptides of Innate Immunity
Risso, A., Zanetti, M., & Gennaro, R. (1998) · Cellular Immunology · doi:10.1006/cimm.1998.1358 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Miller, S. I., Pulkkinen, W. S., Selsted, M. E., & Mekalanos, J. J. (1990) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.58.11.3706-3710.1990 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Reduced Virulence of Group A Streptococcal Tn 916 Mutants That Do Not Produce Streptolysin S
Betschel, S., Borgia, S. M., Barg, N. L., Low, D. E., & de Azavedo, J. C. S. (1998) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.66.4.1671-1679.1998 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein A-I Binds and Inhibits the Human Antibacterial/Cytotoxic Peptide LL-37
Wang, Y., Agerberth, B., Löthgren, A., Almstedt, A., & Johansson, J. (1998) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.273.50.33115 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Structure and Biology of Cathelicidins
Zanetti, M., Gennaro, R., Scocchi, M., & Skerlavaj, B. (2002) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/0-306-46831-x_17 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Induction of epithelial chloride secretion by channel-forming cryptdins 2 and 3
Lencer, W. I., Cheung, G., Strohmeier, G. R., Currie, M. G., Ouellette, A. J., Selsted, M. E., & Madara, J. L. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.16.8585 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Single-Primer PCR Procedure for Rapid Identification of Transposon Insertion Sites
Karlyshev, A. V., Pallen, M. J., & Wren, B. W. (2000) · BioTechniques · doi:10.2144/00286bm05 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Burtnick, M. N., & Woods, D. E. (1999) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.43.11.2648 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Peekhaus, N. T., & Conway, T. (1998) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.180.7.1777-1785.1998 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Antimicrobial peptides of multicellular organisms
Zasloff, M. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/415389a · Cited by 8,457 · see citing works
Wound repair and regeneration: Mechanisms, signaling, and translation
Eming, S. A., Martin, P., & Tomic-Canic, M. (2014) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3009337 · Cited by 3,562 · see citing works
Defensins: antimicrobial peptides of innate immunity
Ganz, T. (2003) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri1180 · Cited by 3,066 · see citing works
Endogenous Antimicrobial Peptides and Skin Infections in Atopic Dermatitis
Ong, P. Y., Ohtake, T., Brandt, C., Strickland, I., Boguniewicz, M., Ganz, T., Gallo, R. L., & Leung, D. Y. M. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa021481 · Cited by 1,960 · see citing works
Self-citationAntimicrobial Peptides: An Emerging Category of Therapeutic Agents
Mahlapuu, M., Håkansson, J., Ringstad, L., & Björn, C. (2016) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2016.00194 · Cited by 1,940 · see citing works
Cutting Edge: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Is a Direct Inducer of Antimicrobial Peptide Gene Expression
Wang, T. T., Nestel, F. P., Bourdeau, V., Nagai, Y., Wang, Q., Liao, J. L., Tavera-Mendoza, L. E., Lin, R., Hanrahan, J. W., Mader, S., et al. (2004) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.173.5.2909 · Cited by 1,640 · see citing works
Antimicrobial host defence peptides: functions and clinical potential
Mookherjee, N., Anderson, M. A., Haagsman, H. P., & Davidson, D. J. (2020) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-019-0058-8 · Cited by 1,502 · see citing works
AMPed up immunity: how antimicrobial peptides have multiple roles in immune defense
Lai, Y., & Gallo, R. L. (2009) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2008.12.003 · Cited by 1,277 · see citing works
Self-citationAntibacterial peptides: basic facts and emerging concepts
Boman, H. G. (2003) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2796.2003.01228.x · Cited by 1,163 · see citing works
Gombart, A. F., Borregaard, N., & Koeffler, H. P. (2005) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.04-3284com · Cited by 1,132 · see citing works
Nakatsuji, T., Chen, T. H., Narala, S., Chun, K. A., Two, A. M., Yun, T., Shafiq, F., Kotol, P. F., Bouslimani, A., Melnik, A. V., et al. (2017) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aah4680 · Cited by 1,095 · see citing works
Self-citationThe co-evolution of host cationic antimicrobial peptides and microbial resistance
Peschel, A., & Sahl, H. (2006) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro1441 · Cited by 1,052 · see citing works
LL-37, the only human member of the cathelicidin family of antimicrobial peptides
Dürr, U. H. N., Sudheendra, U. S., & Ramamoorthy, A. (2006) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.03.030 · Cited by 1,049 · see citing works
A component of innate immunity prevents bacterial biofilm development
Singh, P. K., Parsek, M. R., Greenberg, E. P., & Welsh, M. J. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/417552a · Cited by 1,026 · see citing works
Zhang, L., & Gallo, R. L. (2016) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.017 · Cited by 1,031 · see citing works
Self-citationCathelicidins, multifunctional peptides of the innate immunity
Zanetti, M. (2004) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.0403147 · Cited by 988 · see citing works
Epithelial antimicrobial defence of the skin and intestine
Gallo, R. L., & Hooper, L. V. (2012) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3228 · Cited by 959 · see citing works
Self-citationAn angiogenic role for the human peptide antibiotic LL-37/hCAP-18
Koczulla, R., von Degenfeld, G., Kupatt, C., Krötz, F., Stefan Zahler, A., GLOE, T. R., Issbrücker, K., Unterberger, P., Zaiou, M., Lebherz, C., et al. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci17545 · Cited by 864 · see citing works
Self-citationIncreased serine protease activity and cathelicidin promotes skin inflammation in rosacea
Yamasaki, K., Nardo, A. D., Bardan, A., Murakami, M., Ohtake, T., Coda, A. B., Dorschner, R. A., Bonnart, C., Descargues, P., Hovnanian, A., et al. (2007) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1616 · Cited by 852 · see citing works
Self-citationCationic host defense (antimicrobial) peptides
Brown, K. L., & Hancock, R. E. W. (2005) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2005.11.004 · Cited by 840 · see citing works
Alarmins: chemotactic activators of immune responses
Oppenheim, J. J., & Yang, D. (2005) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2005.06.002 · Cited by 780 · see citing works
Commensal bacteria regulate Toll-like receptor 3–dependent inflammation after skin injury
Lai, Y., Di Nardo, A., Nakatsuji, T., Leichtle, A., Yang, Y., Cogen, A. L., Wu, Z.-R., Hooper, L. V., Schmidt, R. R., von Aulock, S., et al. (2009) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.2062 · Cited by 781 · see citing works
Self-citationStratum Corneum Defensive Functions: An Integrated View
Elias, P. M. (2005) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.0022-202x.2005.23668.x · Cited by 781 · see citing works
Protection against enteric salmonellosis in transgenic mice expressing a human intestinal defensin
Salzman, N. H., Ghosh, D., Huttner, K. M., Paterson, Y. Y. W., & Bevins, C. L. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01520 · Cited by 765 · see citing works
Self-citationLiu, G. Y., Essex, A., Buchanan, J. T., Datta, V., Hoffman, H. M., Bastian, J. F., Fierer, J., & Nizet, V. (2005) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20050846 · Cited by 752 · see citing works
Self-citationNomura, I., Goleva, E., Howell, M. D., Hamid, Q., Ong, P. Y., Hall, C. F., Darst, M. A., Gao, B., Boguniewicz, M., Travers, J. B., et al. (2003) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.171.6.3262 · Cited by 731 · see citing works
Mechanisms and consequences of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial peptides
Andersson, D. I., Hughes, D., & Kubicek-Sutherland, J. Z. (2016) · Drug Resistance Updates · doi:10.1016/j.drup.2016.04.002 · Cited by 718 · see citing works
The future challenges facing the development of new antimicrobial drugs
Coates, A. R. M., Hu, Y., Bax, R. P., & Page, C. P. (2002) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd940 · Cited by 705 · see citing works
HIF-1α expression regulates the bactericidal capacity of phagocytes
Peyssonnaux, C., Datta, V., Cramer, T., Doedens, A. L., Theodorakis, E. A., Gallo, R. L., Hurtado‐Ziola, N., Nizet, V., & Johnson, R. S. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci23865 · Cited by 702 · see citing works
Self-citationSchauber, J., Dorschner, R. A., Coda, A. B., Büchau, A. S., Liu, P. T., Kiken, D. A., Helfrich, Y. R., Kang, S., Elalieh, H. Z., Steinmeyer, A., et al. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci30142 · Cited by 681 · see citing works
Self-citationAntimicrobial psoriasin (S100A7) protects human skin from Escherichia coli infection
Gläser, R., Harder, J., Lange, H., Bartels, J., Christophers, E., & Schröder, J.-M. (2005) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni1142 · Cited by 651 · see citing works
Chronic wound infections: the role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus
Serra, R., Grande, R., Butrico, L., Rossi, A., Settimio, U. F., Caroleo, B., Amato, B., Gallelli, L., & de Franciscis, S. (2015) · Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy · doi:10.1586/14787210.2015.1023291 · Cited by 649 · see citing works
Pessemier, B. D., Grine, L., Debaere, M., Maes, A., Paetzold, B., & Callewaert, C. (2021) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms9020353 · Cited by 661 · see citing works
Multifunctional cationic host defence peptides and their clinical applications
Yeung, A. T. Y., Gellatly, S. L., & Hancock, R. E. W. (2011) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-011-0710-x · Cited by 606 · see citing works
Immune modulation by multifaceted cationic host defense (antimicrobial) peptides
Hilchie, A. L., Wuerth, K. C., & Hancock, R. E. W. (2013) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/nchembio.1393 · Cited by 598 · see citing works
Innate immunity in the lung: how epithelial cells fight against respiratory pathogens
Bals, R., & Hiemstra, P. S. (2004) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/09031936.03.00098803 · Cited by 589 · see citing works
Heilborn, J. D., Nilsson, M. F., Sørensen, O., Ståhle-Bäckdahl, M., Kratz, G., Weber, G., & Borregaard, N. (2003) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12069.x · Cited by 572 · see citing works
Recognition of Antimicrobial Peptides by a Bacterial Sensor Kinase
Bader, M. W., Sanowar, S., Daley, M. E., Schneider, A. R., Cho, U., Xu, W., Klevit, R. E., Moual, H. L., & Miller, S. I. (2005) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.05.030 · Cited by 554 · see citing works
A comprehensive summary of LL-37, the factotum human cathelicidin peptide
Vandamme, D., Landuyt, B., Luyten, W. H. M. L., & Schoofs, L. (2012) · Cellular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.11.009 · Cited by 565 · see citing works
Degradation of Human Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 by Staphylococcus aureus -Derived Proteinases
Sieprawska‐Lupa, M., Mydel, P. M., Krawczyk, K., Wójcik, K., Puklo, M., Lupa, B., Suder, P., Silberring, J., Reed, M. S., Pohl, J., et al. (2004) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.48.12.4673-4679.2004 · Cited by 552 · see citing works
Chromek, M., Slamová, Z., Bergman, P., Kovács, L., Podracká, L., Ehrén, I., Hökfelt, T., Gudmundsson, G. H., Gallo, R. L., Agerberth, B., et al. (2006) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1407 · Cited by 652 · see citing works
Self-citationModulating immunity as a therapy for bacterial infections
Hancock, R. E. W., Nijnik, A., & Philpott, D. J. (2012) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro2745 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
Human Antimicrobial Peptides and Proteins
Wang, G. (2014) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph7050545 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
Cystic Fibrosis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: the Host-Microbe Interface
Malhotra, S., Hayes, D., & Wozniak, D. J. (2019) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00138-18 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
Bacterial strategies for overcoming host innate and adaptive immune responses
Hornef, M. W., Wick, M. J., Rhen, M., & Normark, S. J. (2002) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni1102-1033 · Cited by 505 · see citing works
Deficiency of antibacterial peptides in patients with morbus Kostmann: an observation study
Pütsep, K., Carlsson, G., Boman, H. G., & Andersson, M. (2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11201-3 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Wang, G. (2008) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m805533200 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Tao, K., Levin, A., Adler‐Abramovich, L., & Gazit, E. (2016) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/c5cs00889a · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Antimicrobial peptides and the skin immune defense system
Schauber, J., & Gallo, R. L. (2008) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2008.03.027 · Cited by 477 · see citing works
Self-citationDermal adipocytes protect against invasive <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> skin infection
Zhang, L.-J., Guerrero-Juarez, C. F., Hata, T., Bapat, S. P., Ramos, R., Plikus, M. V., & Gallo, R. L. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1260972 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Self-citationKallikrein‐mediated proteolysis regulates the antimicrobial effects of cathelicidins in skin
Yamasaki, K., Schauber, J., Coda, A. B., Lin, H. C., Dorschner, R. A., Schechter, N. M., Bonnart, C., Descargues, P., Hovnanian, A., & Gallo, R. L. (2006) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.06-6075com · Cited by 463 · see citing works
Self-citationMookherjee, N., & Hancock, R. E. W. (2007) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-007-6475-6 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
How do bacteria resist human antimicrobial peptides?
Peschel, A. (2002) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/s0966-842x(02)02333-8 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
Dermatan sulfate: new functions from an old glycosaminoglycan
Trowbridge, J. M., & Gallo, R. L. (2002) · Glycobiology · doi:10.1093/glycob/cwf066 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Self-citationYang, D., Biragyn, A., Hoover, D. M., Lubkowski, J., & Oppenheim, J. J. (2004) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104603 · Cited by 572 · see citing works
Döring, Y., Manthey, H. D., Drechsler, M. D., Lievens, D., Megens, R. T. A., Soehnlein, O., Busch, M., Manca, M., Koenen, R. R., Pelisek, J., et al. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.111.046755 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
The Vitamin D–Antimicrobial Peptide Pathway and its Role in Protection Against Infection
Gombart, A. F. (2009) · Future Microbiology · doi:10.2217/fmb.09.87 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Lai, Y., Cogen, A. L., Radek, K. A., Park, H. J., MacLeod, D. T., Leichtle, A., Ryan, A. F., Di Nardo, A., & Gallo, R. L. (2010) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2010.123 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
Self-citationThe skin barrier as an innate immune element
Elias, P. M. (2007) · Seminars in Immunopathology · doi:10.1007/s00281-007-0060-9 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Proteinases of common pathogenic bacteria degrade and inactivate the antibacterial peptide LL‐37
Schmidtchen, A., Frick, I.-M., Andersson, E., Tapper, H., & Björck, L. (2002) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.03146.x · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Wu, Z., Hoover, D. M., Yang, D., Boulègue, C., Santamaria, F., Oppenheim, J. J., Lubkowski, J. T., & Lu, W. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1533186100 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Cogen, A. L., Yamasaki, K., Sanchez, K. M., Dorschner, R. A., Lai, Y., MacLeod, D. T., Torpey, J. W., Otto, M., Nizet, V., Kim, J. E., et al. (2010) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2009.243 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Self-citationCathelicidins - a family of multifunctional antimicrobial peptides
Bals, R., & Wilson, J. M. (2003) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (CMLS) · doi:10.1007/s00018-003-2186-9 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Little Peptide, Big Effects: The Role of LL-37 in Inflammation and Autoimmune Disease
Kahlenberg, J. M., & Kaplan, M. J. (2013) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1302005 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
Davidson, D. J., Currie, A. J., Reid, G. S. D., Bowdish, D. M. E., MacDonald, K. L., Rebecca, C., Hancock, R. E. W., & Speert, D. P. (2004) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.172.2.1146 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Ouhara, K., Komatsuzawa, H., Yamada, S., Shiba, H., Fujiwara, T., Ohara, M., Sayama, K., Hashimoto, K., Kurihara, H., & Sugai, M. (2005) · Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · doi:10.1093/jac/dki103 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Elssner, A., Duncan, M., Gavrilin, M. A., & Wewers, M. D. (2004) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.172.8.4987 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
The Role of Cathelicidins in the Innate Host Defenses of Mammals
Zanetti, M. (2005) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.21775/cimb.007.179 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Roles of antimicrobial peptides such as defensins in innate and adaptive immunity
Oppenheim, J. J., Biragyn, A., Kwak, L. W., & Yang, D. (2003) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard.62.suppl_2.ii17 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Nardo, A. D., Vitiello, A., & Gallo, R. L. (2003) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.170.5.2274 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Self-citationSubramanian, H., Gupta, K., & Ali, H. (2016) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2016.04.051 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Antimicrobial Peptides: Old Molecules with New Ideas
Nakatsuji, T., & Gallo, R. L. (2011) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2011.387 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Self-citationTjabringa, G. S., Aarbiou, J., Ninaber, D. K., Drijfhout, J. W., Sørensen, O. E., Borregaard, N., Rabe, K. F., & Hiemstra, P. S. (2003) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.171.12.6690 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Microbial Symbiosis with the Innate Immune Defense System of the Skin
Gallo, R. L., & Nakatsuji, T. (2011) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2011.182 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Self-citationSchauber, J. (2003) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.52.5.735 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Izadpanah, A., & Gallo, R. L. (2005) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2004.08.026 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Self-citationWhat is new in the pathophysiology of acne, an overview
Dréno, B. (2017) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.14374 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Impact of LL-37 on anti-infective immunity
Bowdish, D. M. E., Davidson, D. J., Lau, Y. E., Lee, K. C. L., Scott, M. G., & Hancock, R. E. W. (2004) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.0704380 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
A Model of Bacterial Intestinal Infections in Drosophila melanogaster
Nehme, N. T., Liégeois, S., Kele, B., Giammarinaro, P., Pradel, E., Hoffmann, J. A., Ewbank, J. J., & Ferrandon, D. (2007) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0030173 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Sørensen, O. E., Cowland, J. B., Theilgaard‐Mönch, K., Liu, L., Ganz, T., & Borregaard, N. (2003) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.170.11.5583 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells sense skin injury and promote wound healing through type I interferons
Gregorio, J., Meller, S., Conrad, C., Di Nardo, A., Homey, B., Lauerma, A., Arai, N., Gallo, R. L., DiGiovanni, J., & Gilliet, M. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20101102 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Self-citationBiology and Biomarkers for Wound Healing
Lindley, L. E., Stojadinović, O., Pastar, I., & Tomic‐Canic, M. (2016) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000002682 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Nakatsuji, T., Chen, T. H., Two, A. M., Chun, K., Narala, S., Geha, R. S., Hata, T. R., & Gallo, R. L. (2016) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jid.2016.05.127 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Self-citationConstitutive immune mechanisms: mediators of host defence and immune regulation
Paludan, S. R., Pradeu, T., Masters, S. L., & Mogensen, T. H. (2020) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-020-0391-5 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Tokumaru, S., Sayama, K., Shirakata, Y., Komatsuzawa, H., Ouhara, K., Hanakawa, Y., Yahata, Y., Dai, X., Tohyama, M., Nagai, H., et al. (2005) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.175.7.4662 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Barlow, P. G., Svoboda, P., Mackellar, A., Nash, A. A., York, I. A., Pohl, J., Davidson, D. J., & Donis, R. O. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025333 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Reverse genetics in the mosquito Anopheles gambiae: targeted disruption of the Defensin gene
Blandin, S., Moita, L., Köcher, T., Wilm, M., Kafatos, F., & Levashina, E. (2002) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.1093/embo-reports/kvf180 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Fusobacterium nucleatumin Periodontal Health and Disease
Signat, B., Roques, C. G., Poulet, P. P., & Duffaut, D. (2011) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.21775/cimb.013.025 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Applications of biological pores in nanomedicine, sensing, and nanoelectronics
Majd, S., Yusko, E. C., Billeh, Y. N., Macrae, M. X., Yang, J., & Mayer, M. (2010) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2010.05.002 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Structure and function of the epidermal barrier
Wickett, R. R., & Visscher, M. O. (2006) · American Journal of Infection Control · doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2006.05.295 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
The Role of Antimicrobial Peptides in Innate Immunity
Ganz, T. (2003) · Integrative and Comparative Biology · doi:10.1093/icb/43.2.300 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Antimicrobial Defense of the Intestine
Mukherjee, S., & Hooper, L. V. (2015) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2014.12.028 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Advanced smart biomaterials and constructs for hard tissue engineering and regeneration
Zhang, K., Wang, S., Zhou, C., Cheng, L., Gao, X., Xie, X., Sun, J., Wang, H., Weir, M. D., Reynolds, M. A., et al. (2018) · Bone Research · doi:10.1038/s41413-018-0032-9 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Raqib, R., Sarker, P., Bergman, P., Ara, G., Lindh, M., Sack, D. A., Islam, K., Gudmundsson, G. H., Andersson, J., & Agerberth, B. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0602888103 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Postsecretory Processing Generates Multiple Cathelicidins for Enhanced Topical Antimicrobial Defense
Murakami, M., López‐García, B., Braff, M. H., Dorschner, R. A., & Gallo, R. L. (2004) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.172.5.3070 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Self-citationKoczulla, A. R., & Bals, R. (2003) · Drugs · doi:10.2165/00003495-200363040-00005 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Sun, J., Furio, L., Mecheri, R., van der Does, A. M., Lundeberg, E., Saveanu, L., Chen, Y., van Endert, P., Agerberth, B., & Diana, J. (2015) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2015.07.013 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Natural roles of antimicrobial peptides in microbes, plants and animals
Maróti, G., Kereszt, A., Kondorosi, É., & Mergaert, P. (2011) · Research in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.resmic.2011.02.005 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Convergence of IL-1β and VDR Activation Pathways in Human TLR2/1-Induced Antimicrobial Responses
Liu, P. T., Schenk, M., Walker, V. P., Dempsey, P. W., Kanchanapoomi, M., Wheelwright, M., Vazirnia, A., Zhang, X., Steinmeyer, A., Zügel, U., et al. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005810 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Can innate immunity be enhanced to treat microbial infections?
Finlay, B. B., & Hancock, R. E. W. (2004) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro908 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
- Authors
- Nizet, V., Ohtake, T., Lauth, X., Trowbridge, J., Rudisill, J., Dorschner, R. A., Pestonjamasp, V., Piraino, J., Huttner, K., & Gallo, R. L.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gallo, Richard L.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2001-11
- Volume
- 414
- Issue
- 6862
- Pages
- 454-457
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W1964758221
- Cited by
- 1,198
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 58 · 2014: 74 · 2013: 61 · 2012: 57
- FWCI
- 36.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Antimicrobial Peptides and Activities
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Antimicrobial agents and applications
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Keywords
- antimicrobial peptides, cathelicidin, LL-37, cramps, innate immunity, skin infections, Streptococcus pyogenes, host defense, beta-defensins
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Female, Immunity, Innate, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mutation, Proteins, Recombinant Fusion Proteins, Streptococcal Infections, Streptococcus pyogenes, Skin Diseases, Bacterial, Mice, Knockout, Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Mice, Cathelicidins
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review