Association of census tract-level incarceration rate and life expectancy in New York State
Open accessAbstract
Background: Jail incarceration rates are positively associated with mortality at the county level. However, incarceration rates vary within counties, limiting the generalisability of this finding to neighbourhoods, where incarceration may have the greatest effects. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of census tract-level state imprisonment rates in New York State (2010) and life expectancy data from the US Small-area Life Expectancy Estimates Project (2010–2015). We modelled fixed-effects for counties and controlled for tract-level poverty, racial makeup, education, and population density from the American Community Survey (2010–2014), and violent crime data from the New York City Police Department (2010). We also examined interactions between incarceration rate and poverty, racial makeup, and population density on life expectancy. Results: Life expectancy at the highest quintile of incarceration was 5.5 years lower than in the lowest quintile, and over 2 years lower in a fully-adjusted model. Census tract-level poverty and racial makeup both moderated the association between incarceration and life expectancy. Conclusion: Census tract-level incarceration is associated with lower life expectancy. Decarceration, including alternatives to incarceration, and release of those currently incarcerated, may help to improve life expectancy at the neighbourhood level.
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Negative health outcomes and lower well-being are found in those who live in communities with high rates of incarceration.
“Negative health outcomes and lower well-being are found in family members of those incarcerated6 and even those who live in communities with high rates of incarceration.7”
From Community investment interventions as a means for decarceration: A scoping review (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
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Community investment interventions as a means for decarceration: A scoping review
Hawks, L., Lopoo, E., Puglisi, L., Cellini, J., Thompson, K., Halberstam, A., Tolliver, D., Martinez-Hamilton, S., & Wang, E. (2022) · The Lancet Regional Health - Americas · doi:10.1016/j.lana.2021.100150 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Holaday, L. W., Howell, B., Thompson, K., Cramer, L., & Wang, E. A.-H.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Holaday, Louisa W
- Venue
- Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2021-04-27
- Volume
- 75
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1019-1022
- ISSN
- 0141-7681 (ISSN-L)
- 0143-005X
- 1470-2738
- PMC
- PMC9052201
- OpenAlex
- W3158886272
- Cited by
- 16
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 3.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Minority Health and Disparities (1R01MD010403)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (1R01HL137696)
- Bureau of Justice Administration (2015-RY-BX-K002)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (TL1 TR001864)
- National Institute of Drug Abuse (1UG1DA050072, 5K12DA033312)
- California Health Care Foundation (n/a)
- William T. Grant Foundation (n/a)
- National Cancer Institute (1R01CA230444)
- VA Office of Academic Affiliations through the VA/National Clinician Scholars Program and Yale University (n/a)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Keywords
- incarceration rates, life expectancy, decarceration, poverty, racial composition, population density, violent crime, New York State
- MeSH terms
- Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Life Expectancy, New York City, Prisoners, United States, Censuses
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