The influence of risk and monetary payment on the research participation decision making process
Open accessAbstract
Objectives:To determine the effects of risk and payment on subjects’ willingness to participate, and to examine how payment influences subjects’ potential behaviours and risk evaluations. Methods:A 3 (level of risk) × 3 (level of monetary payment), between subjects, completely randomised factorial design was used. Students enrolled at one of five US pharmacy schools read a recruitment notice and informed consent form for a hypothetical study, and completed a questionnaire. Risk level was manipulated using recruitment notices and informed consent documents from hypothetical biomedical research projects. Payment levels were determined using the payment models evaluated by Dickert and Grady as a guide. Five dependent variables were assessed in the questionnaire: willingness to participate, willingness to participate with no payment, propensity to neglect to tell about restricted activities, propensity to neglect to tell about negative effects, and risk rating. Results:Monetary payment had positive effects on respondents’ willingness to participate in research, regardless of the level of risk. However, higher monetary payments did not appear to blind respondents to the risks of a study. Payment had some influence on respondents’ potential behaviours regarding concealing information about restricted activities. However, payment did not appear to have a significant effect on respondents’ propensity to neglect to tell researchers about negative effects. Conclusions:Monetary payments appear to do what they are intended to do: make subjects more willing to participate in research. Concerns about payments blinding subjects to risks could not be substantiated in the present study. However, the findings do raise other concerns—notably the potential for payments to diminish the integrity of a study’s findings. Future research is critical to make sound decisions about the payment of research subjects.
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Compensation can affect the retention rate and the acceptability assessment.
“but also on the retention rate, and affect the acceptability assessment.”
From Feasibility, acceptability and preliminary outcomes of a mindfulness-based relapse prevention program in a naturalistic setting among treatment-seeking patients with alcohol use disorder: A prospective observational study (2019) · cites this paper as [35]
The Positions on inducements section describes payment as a practice used to aid recruitment and retention, and the Results report that payment affected willingness to participate. The study used hypothetical research scenarios; it did not measure retention rates or an acceptability assessment, so those specific effects are not established by this paper. (LLM, conf=0.79)
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- Authors
- Bentley, J. P., & Thacker, P. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Mississippi (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bentley, J P
- ORCID
- Bentley, J P
- Venue
- Journal of Medical Ethics
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2004-06
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 293-298
- ISSN
- 0306-6800 (ISSN-L)
- 1473-4257
- PMC
- PMC1733848
- OpenAlex
- W1976092863
- Cited by
- 316
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 12.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Medical Ethics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Auburn University
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ethics in Clinical Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ethics and bioethics in healthcare
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
- Keywords
- participant recruitment, monetary payments, risk perception, willingness to participate, informed consent, risk disclosure, payment models, research ethics, pharmacy students
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Fees and Charges, Humans, Human Experimentation, Informed Consent, Motivation, Risk, Truth Disclosure, Ethics, Research, Research Subjects
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