The DOI matches its Crossref record; 22 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Which medicine? Whose standard? Critical reflections on medical integration in China
Open accessAbstract
There is a prevailing conviction that if traditional medicine (TRM) or complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) are integrated into healthcare systems, modern scientific medicine (MSM) should retain its principal status. This paper contends that this position is misguided in medical contexts where TRM is established and remains vibrant. By reflecting on the Chinese policy on three entrenched forms of TRM (Tibetan, Mongolian and Uighur medicines) in western regions of China, the paper challenges the ideology of science that lies behind the demand that all traditional forms of medicine be evaluated and reformed according to MSM standards. Tibetan medicine is used as a case study to indicate the falsity of a major premise of the scientific ideology. The conclusion is that the proper integrative system for TRM and MSM is a dual standard based system in which both TRM and MSM are free to operate according to their own medical standards.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In clinical practice, Mongolian hospitals that were established in the People's Republic of China, for example, had to equip themselves with advanced modern Western diagnostic and therapeutic facilities in order to meet the new demands of a more educated patient public and to compete with modern biomedical hospitals (Fan and Holliday 2007).”
From From “Lama Doctors” to “Mongolian Doctors”: Regulations of Inner Mongolian Buddhist Medicine under Changing Regimes and the Crises of Modernity (1911–1976) (2019) · cites this paper as Fan and Holliday 2007
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“That the Chinese model of healthcare integration is neither complete nor successful is a fact that has been pointed out by many scholars.”
From Indian Imaginaries of Chinese Success in the Global Herbal Medicine Market: A Critical Assessment (2019) · cites this paper as R. Fan and Holliday 2007
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Mongolian medical practitioners were required to be proficient in biomedicine, but the reverse was not the case (Fan and Holliday 2007).”
From From “Lama Doctors” to “Mongolian Doctors”: Regulations of Inner Mongolian Buddhist Medicine under Changing Regimes and the Crises of Modernity (1911–1976) (2019) · cites this paper as Fan and Holliday 2007
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Engelhardt, H. T. (1996) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195057362.001.0001 · Cited by 1,196
(1985) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 663
Knowing Practice: The Clinical Encounter of Chinese Medicine
Schipper, H., & Minden, K. (1995) · Pacific Affairs · doi:10.2307/2761379 · Cited by 366
The Transmission of Chinese Medicine
Hsu, E. (1999) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511612459 · Cited by 326
Traditional Medicine - Growing Needs and Potential
India, B., Tanzania, R., Canada, U., & Ethiopia, B. (2002) · Cited by 222
Medical Students' Attitudes About Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Furnham, A. F., & McGill, C. (2003) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/10755530360623392 · Cited by 143
Bodeker, G. C. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7279.164 · Cited by 137
Traditional Medicine in Contemporary China
Farquhar, J., & Sivin, N. (1990) · Philosophy East and West · doi:10.2307/1399367 · Cited by 123
The Tibetan Assimilation of Buddhism
Kapstein, M. (2000) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195131222.001.0001 · Cited by 105
Alternative, Complementary, and Conventional Medicine: Is Integration Upon Us?
Barrett, B. P. (2003) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/107555303765551642 · Cited by 87
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- Qigeqitu. Modern mongolian medicine (Xiandai Mengyixue). Liaoyang: Liaoning Minzu Press, 2002.
- Li Y. Four medical tantras (Si Bu Yi Dian) (Translation. ) Beijing: Peopleâs Health Press, 1983;46.
- Khangkar D. The Buddhist way of healing. New Delhi: Lustre Press, 1998:43.
- Sachs R. Tibetan Ayurveda: health secrets from the roof of the world. Rochester, VT: Healing Arts Press, 2001.
- Donden Y, Tshering G. An introduction to Tibetan medicine. New Delhi: Tibetan Review Publications, 1976.
- Ma B, Gao X, Hong Z. History of debate between traditional Chinese medicine and modern scientific medicine (Jindai Zhongxiyi Zhenglunshi). Hefei: Anhui Science and Technology Press, 1993.
- Cai J. A general history of Tibetan medicine (Zangyixue Tongshi). Xining: Qinghai Peopleâs Press, 2002:54â70.
- Qiangbachilie. Tibetan medicine in China (Zhongguo de Zangyi). Beijing: Chinese Tibetan Study Press, 1996:1â18.
- Ga Z. The mystic culture of Tibetan Buddhism: Tantrism (Zangchuan Fujiao Shenmi WenhuaâMizong). Lhasa: Tibetan Peopleâs Press, 1996:156.
- 2001, J Altern Complement Med, 7, S33
- Tibetan Medicine Administration. Tibetan medicine (In Chinese. ) Lhasa: Tibetan Peopleâs Press, 2003.
Cited by
Chung, V. C., Lau, C. H., Yeoh, E., & Griffiths, S. M. (2009) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/1472-6963-9-207 · Cited by 58
Chung, V. C., Hillier, S. M., Lau, C. H., Wong, S. Y. S., Yeoh, E., & Griffiths, S. M. (2010) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.10.021 · Cited by 54
Integrative, Traditional and Complementary Medicine
Bodeker, G. C., & Kariippanon, K. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99967-0.00072-7 · Cited by 43
‘Global Pharma in the Land of Snows: Tibetan Medicines, sars, and Identity Politics across Nations’
Adams, V., & Craig, S. (2008) · Asian Medicine · doi:10.1163/157342108x381205 · Cited by 42
What could ′integrative′ medicine mean? Social science perspectives on contemporary Ayurveda
Sujatha, V (2011) · Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine · doi:10.4103/0975-9476.85549 · Cited by 38
Metadata
- Authors
- Fan, R., & Holliday, I.
- Affiliations
- City University of Hong Kong (HK)
- University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Corresponding author
- Fan, Ruiping
- ORCID
- Fan, Ruiping
- Venue
- Journal of Medical Ethics
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2007-07-30
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 454-461
- ISSN
- 0306-6800 (ISSN-L)
- 1473-4257
- PMC
- PMC2598165
- OpenAlex
- W2069146397
- Cited by
- 26
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 10.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Medical Ethics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) (submittedVersion)
- DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Traditional Chinese Medicine Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ethics and bioethics in healthcare
- Keywords
- traditional medicine, complementary and alternative medicine, medical integration, Tibetan medicine, Mongolian medicine, Uighur medicine, ideology of science, medical standards, healthcare policy, China, western China, integrative medicine
- MeSH terms
- Attitude of Health Personnel, Attitude to Health, China, Delivery of Health Care, Health Policy, Humans, Medicine, East Asian Traditional, Rural Health, Medical Laboratory Science
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
