Urinary excretion half life of trichloroacetic acid as a biomarker of exposure to chlorinated drinking water disinfection by-products: Figure 1
Open accessAbstract
Aims:To measure accurately urinary elimination half life of trichloroacetic acid (TCAA). Methods:A longitudinal pilot exposure/intervention study measured the elimination half life of TCAA in urine. Beverage consumption was limited to a public water supply and bottled water of known TCAA concentration, and ingestion volume was managed. The five participants limited fluid consumption to only the water provided. Consumption journals were kept by each participant and their daily first morning urine (FMU) samples were analysed for TCAA and creatinine. TCAA elimination half life curves were generated from a two week washout period using TCAA-free bottled water. Results:Individual elimination half lives ranged from 2.1 to 6.3 days, for single compartment exponential decay, the model which fit the data. Conclusion:Urinary TCAA is persistent enough to be viable as a biomarker of medium term (days) exposure to drinking water TCAA ingestion within a range of realistic concentrations.
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Urinary TCAA seems a better biomarker for ingestion exposure evaluation due to its longer biological half-life than other HAAs.
“Urinary TCAA seems a better biomarker for ingestion exposure evaluation due to its longer biological half-life than other HAAs (Bader et al., 2004;Kim et al., 1999).”
From Regulation, formation, exposure, and treatment of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in swimming pool waters: A critical review (2018) · cites this paper as Bader et al., 2004
The Discussion reports a TCAA urinary half-life of 2.1–6.3 days and says this persistence makes it a viable biomarker of drinking-water ingestion over several days. Our copy does not compare TCAA’s half-life or biomarker performance with other HAAs, so it does not support the claimed reason it is better than them. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredUrine trichloroacetic acid has been proposed as a valid biomarker of ingested DBPs because its half-life is longer than consecutive exposure events and reaches steady levels correlating with levels ingested through drinking water.
“Urine trichloroacetic acid has been proposed as a valid biomarker of ingested DBPs, as its halflife is longer than consecutive exposure events, reaching steady levels that correlate with levels ingested through drinking water [44].”
From Overview of Disinfection By-products and Associated Health Effects (2015) · cites this paper as [44]
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Overview of Disinfection By-products and Associated Health Effects
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Decreased birth weight in relation to maternal urinary trichloroacetic acid levels
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- Authors
- Bader, E. L., Hrudey, S. E., & Froese, K. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Hrudey, S E
- Venue
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2004-07-16
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 715-716
- ISSN
- 0007-1072 (ISSN-L)
- 1351-0711
- 1470-7926
- PMC
- PMC1740823
- OpenAlex
- W2150040284
- Semantic Scholar
- b9cd25a7895e3ff5d20144a3339d86e20e23c13a
- Cited by
- 35
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 0.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Water Treatment and Disinfection
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
- Keywords
- trichloroacetic acid, biomarkers of exposure, drinking water consumption, first morning urine, washout period, exponential decay model, exposure assessment
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Caustics, Chlorine, Disinfection, Drinking, Environmental Exposure, Female, Half-Life, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Pilot Projects, Trichloroacetic Acid, Water Intoxication, Biomarkers
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