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Acute and chronic job stressors among ambulance personnel: predictors of health symptoms
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: To predict symptomatology (post-traumatic distress, fatigue, and burnout) due to acute and chronic work related stressors among ambulance personnel. METHODS: Data were gathered from 123 ambulance workers in The Netherlands in a longitudinal design. At two measurements they completed standardised questionnaires to assess health symptoms, such as the Impact of Event Scale, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, and the Checklist Individual Strength. Acute stressors were assessed with specific questions, and chronic work related stressors were measured with the Questionnaire on the Experience and Assessment of Work. RESULTS: Most of the ambulance workers had been confronted with acute stressors in their work. They also reported more chronic work related stressors than a reference group. Of the participants, more than a tenth suffered from a clinical level of post-traumatic distress, a tenth reported a fatigue level that put them at high risk for sick leave and work disability and nearly a tenth of the personnel suffered from burnout. Best predictors of symptomatology at time 2 were lack of social support at work and poor communication, such as not being informed about important decisions within the organisation. CONCLUSIONS: Ambulance personnel are at risk to develop health symptoms due to work related stressors. Although, acute stressors are related to health symptoms, such as fatigue, burnout, and post-traumatic symptoms, it was not found to predict health symptoms in the long term. Main risk factors have to do with social aspects of the work environment, in particular lack of support from the supervisor as well as colleagues and poor communication. When implementing workplace interventions these social aspects need to be taken into account.
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“Indeed, the current results are consistent with prior evidence that employees’ perceptions of being valued directly impact their workplace orientation, performance, and well-being [75,76,77,78,79].”
From Assessing the Relative Impact of Diverse Stressors among Public Safety Personnel (2020) · cites this paper as [78]
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“however it was not found to predict health symptoms in the long term.”
From Understanding the Occupational Factors that Influence Paramedic Health and Wellbeing (2024) · cites this paper as Van Der Ploeg, E. & Kleber, R. 2003
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“Other commonly reported job demands among paramedics are environmental, sociocultural and organisational; critical incidents causing psychological distress [19]; traumatic events concerning patient care [20]; the threat of violence from patients and bystanders [21]; and the risks related to alarm-vehicle driving [22], uncertain working environments [8] and physical injuries [23, 24].”
From Paramedics’ perceptions of job demands and resources in Finnish emergency medical services: a qualitative study (2022) · cites this paper as [20]
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“Paramedics are at risk of developing health symptoms due to work related stressors”
From Understanding the Occupational Factors that Influence Paramedic Health and Wellbeing (2024) · cites this paper as Van Der Ploeg, E. & Kleber, R. 2003
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Metadata
- Authors
- van der Ploeg, E., & Kleber, R. J.
- Affiliations
- Utrecht University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Kleber, R J
- ORCID
- Kleber, R J
- Venue
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2003-06
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- suppl 1
- Pages
- i40-i46
- ISSN
- 0007-1072 (ISSN-L)
- 1351-0711
- 1470-7926
- PMC
- PMC1765729
- OpenAlex
- W2103482302
- Cited by
- 396
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 8.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- Research portal (Tilburg University) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Universiteit Utrecht
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- Universiteit van Tilburg
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Stress and Burnout Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational Health and Burnout
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Workplace Health and Well-being
- Keywords
- ambulance personnel, occupational stress, acute stressors, chronic stressors, post-traumatic stress, fatigue, burnout, social support at work, workplace communication, occupational health, emergency medical services
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Ambulances, Burnout, Professional, Emergency Medical Technicians, Fatigue, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mental Health, Netherlands, Occupational Diseases, Risk Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
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