Association between high temperature and work-related injuries in Adelaide, South Australia, 2001–2010
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: (1) To investigate the association between temperature and work-related injuries and (2) to identify groups of workers at high risk of work-related injuries in hot environments in Adelaide, South Australia. METHODS: Workers' compensation claims in Adelaide, South Australia for 2001-2010 were used. The relationship between temperature and daily injury claims was estimated using a generalised estimating equation model. A piecewise linear spline function was used to quantify the effect of temperature on injury claims below and above thresholds. RESULTS: Overall, a 1°C increase in maximum temperature between 14.2°C and 37.7°C was associated with a 0.2% increase in daily injury claims. Specifically, the incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for male workers and young workers aged ≤24 were (1.004, 95% CI 1.002 to 1.006) and (1.005, 95% CI 1.002 to 1.008), respectively. Significant associations were also found for labourers (IRR 1.005, 95% CI 1.001 to 1.010), intermediate production and transport workers (IRR 1.003, 95% CI 1.001 to 1.005) and tradespersons (IRR 1.002, 95% CI 1.001 to 1.005). Industries at risk were agriculture, forestry and fishing (IRR 1.007, 95% CI 1.001 to 1.013), construction (IRR 1.006, 95% CI 1.002 to 1.011), and electricity, gas and water (IRR 1.029, 95% CI 1.002 to 1.058). CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant association between injury claims and temperature in Adelaide, South Australia, for certain industries and groups. Relevant adaptation and prevention measures are required at both policy and practice levels to address occupational exposure to high temperatures.
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In Adelaide, Australia, an inverse U-shaped relationship was found between Tmax and the number of workers' injury claims reported between July 2001 and June 2010.
“In the study conducted by Xiang et al. (2014) [14] in Adelaide, Australia, an inverse U-shaped relationship was found between Tmax and the number of workers’ injury claims reported between July 2001 and June 2010.”
From Assessing Heat Stress and Health among Construction Workers in a Changing Climate: A Review (2018) · cites this paper as [14]
According to Xiang et al. (2014), workers in the construction industry are one of the most affected by heat stress, second only to agricultural workers.
“According to the study by Xiang et al. (2014) [14], workers in the construction industry are one of the most affected by heat stress, second only to agricultural workers.”
From Assessing Heat Stress and Health among Construction Workers in a Changing Climate: A Review (2018) · cites this paper as [14]
Until the threshold temperature of up to 37.7 °C, ambient temperature was positively associated with the risk of work injury for all outdoor industries, including construction, whereas a negative association was observed beyond this point.
“Until the threshold temperature of up to 37.7 °C, ambient temperature was positively associated with the risk of work injury for all the outdoor industries, including the construction industry, whereas a negative association was observed between the workers’ injuries and temperature beyond this point.”
From Assessing Heat Stress and Health among Construction Workers in a Changing Climate: A Review (2018) · cites this paper as [14]
For every degree rise in temperature below the threshold temperature of 37.7 °C, daily HRI claims by male workers in Australia increased by 0.4% (IRR 1.004, 95% CI 1.002-1.006); no such effect was observed among female workers whose IRR for both above and below threshold temperature remained insignificant (p value of 0.550 and 0.206).
“For every degree rise in temperature below the threshold temperature of 37.7 °C, daily HRI claims by male workers in Australia increased by 0.4% (IRR 1.004, 95% CI 1.002–1.006). However, no such effect was observed by the study among the female workers whose IRR for both above and below threshold temperature remained insignificant (p value of 0.550 and 0.206) [14].”
From Assessing Heat Stress and Health among Construction Workers in a Changing Climate: A Review (2018) · cites this paper as [14]
Business size was found to be inversely associated with daily injury claims of the workers; injury claims increased by 0.7% (IRR = 1.007, 95% CI 1.003-1.011) for small businesses and 0.4% (IRR = 1.004, 95% CI 1.002-1.006) for medium-sized businesses per 1 °C increase in maximum temperature below threshold (37.7 °C).
“According to Xiang et al. (2014) [14] who studied workers’ compensation claims in Adelaide, Australia between 2001 and 2010, business size was found to be inversely associated with daily injury claims of the workers. Injury claims increased by 0.7% (IRR = 1.007, 95% CI 1.003–1.011) for small businesses and 0.4% (IRR = 1.004, 95% CI 1.002–1.006) for medium-sized businesses per 1 °C increase in”
From Assessing Heat Stress and Health among Construction Workers in a Changing Climate: A Review (2018) · cites this paper as [14]
In Australia, the injury claims of the ≥55 years age-group continued to increase when the Tmax exceeded threshold temperature, contrary to the other age groups, where injuries decreased beyond the threshold temperature.
“Xiang et al. (2014) [14] found that in Australia, the injury claims of the ≥55 years age-group continued to increase when the Tmax exceeded threshold temperature, contrary to the other age groups, where injuries decreased beyond the threshold temperature.”
From Assessing Heat Stress and Health among Construction Workers in a Changing Climate: A Review (2018) · cites this paper as [14]
In Adelaide, Australia, young male workers across all industries were at most risk of heat stress, where the incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for male workers and young workers aged ≤24 were IRR = 1.004 (95% CI 1.002-1.006) and IRR = 1.005 (95% CI 1.002-1.008), respectively.
“For example, Xiang et al. (2014) [14] found that in Adelaide, Australia, young male workers across all industries were at most risk of heat stress, where the incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for male workers and young workers aged ≤24 were IRR = 1.004 (95% CI 1.002–1.006) and IRR = 1.005 (95% CI 1.002–1.008), respectively.”
From Assessing Heat Stress and Health among Construction Workers in a Changing Climate: A Review (2018) · cites this paper as [14]
As the temperature exceeded Tmax the injury claims decreased, except for the age group 55 years and older.
“Interestingly, as the temperature exceeded Tmax the injury claims decreased, except for the age group 55 years and older.”
From Assessing Heat Stress and Health among Construction Workers in a Changing Climate: A Review (2018) · cites this paper as [14]
A number of studies have reported significantly lower number of HRI claims among female workers compared to male workers.
“A number of studies have reported significantly lower number of HRI claims among female workers compared to male workers [3,14,17].”
From Assessing Heat Stress and Health among Construction Workers in a Changing Climate: A Review (2018) · cites this paper as [14]
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- Authors
- Xiang, J., Bi, P., Pisaniello, D., Hansen, A., & Sullivan, T.
- Affiliations
- The University of Adelaide (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Bi, Peng
- Venue
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2013-12-13
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 246-252
- ISSN
- 0007-1072 (ISSN-L)
- 1351-0711
- 1470-7926
- OpenAlex
- W2126218635
- Cited by
- 155
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 25.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Safety in Workplaces
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Climate Change and Health Impacts
- Keywords
- high temperature, heat exposure, occupational injuries, workers' compensation claims, occupational heat stress, hot environment, young workers, male workers, construction industry, agriculture, forestry and fishing
- MeSH terms
- Accidents, Occupational, Adult, Female, Hot Temperature, Humans, Industry, Male, Middle Aged, Occupations, South Australia, Workers' Compensation, Incidence, Occupational Exposure, Young Adult
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