The DOI matches its Crossref record; 28 of the 29 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 7 of the 14 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action
Open accessAbstract
Background: Despite compelling evidence on the health hazards of tobacco products accumulated over the past 70 years, smoking remains a leading cause of death worldwide. Policy action to control smoking requires timely, comprehensive, and comparable evidence on smoking levels within and across countries. This study provides a recent assessment of that evidence based on the methods used in the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study. Methods: We estimated annual prevalence of, and mortality attributable to smoking any form of tobacco from 1970 to 2020 and 1990–2020, respectively, using the methods and data sources (including 3431 surveys and studies) from the GBD collaboration. We modelled annual prevalence of current and former smoking, distributions of cigarette-equivalents per smoker per day, pack-years for current smoking, years since cessation for former smokers and estimated population-attributable fractions due to smoking. Results: Globally, adult smoking prevalence in 2020 was 32.6% (32.2% to 33.1%) and 6.5% (6.3% to 6.7%) among men and women, respectively. 1.18 (0.94 to 1.47) billion people regularly smoke tobacco, causing 7.0 (2.0 to 11.2) million deaths in 2020. Smoking prevalence has declined by 27.2% (26.0% to 28.3%) for men since 1990, and by 37.9% (35.3% to 40.1%) for women. Declines have been largest in the higher sociodemographic countries, falling by more than 40% in some high-income countries, and also in several Latin American countries, notably Brazil, where prevalence has fallen by 70% since 1990. Smoking prevalence for women has declined substantially in some countries, including Nepal, the Netherlands and Denmark, and remains low throughout Asia and Africa. Conversely, there has been little decline in smoking in most low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) with over half of all men continuing to smoke in large populations in Asia (China, Indonesia), as well as the Pacific Islands. Implications: While global smoking prevalence has fallen, smoking is still common and causes a significant health burden worldwide. The unequal pace of declines across the globe is shifting the epidemic progressively to LMICs. Smoking is likely to remain a leading cause of preventable death throughout this century unless smoking cessation efforts can significantly and rapidly reduce the number of smokers, particularly in Asia. Funding: XD and EG received funding through grant projects from Bloomberg Philanthropies (funding no. 66-9468) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (funding no. 63-3452).
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TL;DR
This Global Burden of Disease analysis estimates that global adult smoking prevalence in 2020 was 32.6% among men and 6.5% among women, with 1.18 billion smokers and 7.0 million smoking-attributable deaths. Although prevalence has declined since 1990, the epidemic is shifting toward low- and middle-income countries, especially in Asia.
Key findings
- In 2020, adult smoking prevalence was 32.6% (32.2% to 33.1%) among men and 6.5% (6.3% to 6.7%) among women; 1.18 (0.94 to 1.47) billion people regularly smoked tobacco, causing 7.0 (2.0 to 11.2) million deaths.
- Since 1990, smoking prevalence declined by 27.2% (26.0% to 28.3%) for men and 37.9% (35.3% to 40.1%) for women; declines were largest in higher sociodemographic countries, falling by more than 40% in some high-income countries, and Brazil’s prevalence fell by 70% since 1990.
- There has been little decline in most low- and middle-income countries, with more than half of adult men smoking in large Asian populations such as China (52%) and Indonesia, as well as Pacific Island countries; female prevalence remains low throughout Asia and Africa.
- By 2020, countries classified by epidemic phase were distributed for men as less than 10% incipient, 42% phase two, 25% phase three, and about one-quarter phase four; for women the respective distribution was 40/31/13/16.
Methods
- Using GBD 2020 methods, the study estimated annual prevalence of smoked tobacco use from 1970 to 2020 and attributable mortality/DALYs from 1990 to 2020 for 204 countries and territories by 5-year age group and sex; secondhand smoke, smokeless tobacco, electronic cigarettes, vaping products, and heated tobacco products were excluded.
- Data included 2808 nationally or subnationally representative surveys covering 200 of 204 countries, 623 studies for dose-response risk estimation, and consumption data from Euromonitor, the US Department of Agriculture, and the Food and Agriculture Organization; current and former smoking prevalence was modelled with spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, and population-attributable fractions were calculated.
- Estimates were also provided by quintile of Sociodemographic Index, with countries grouped by their 2020 SDI; analyses were performed in R and Python.
Limitations
- The paper states that data quality and availability limitations, including data gaps and inconsistencies, lead to substantial uncertainty in trends and patterns of smoking prevalence and consumption in some countries, reducing the policy utility of the estimates.
- The paper notes that it used the direct method to estimate population-attributable fractions, whereas an indirect method has also been used; it reports that total burden due to smoking did not change significantly using different methods.
- Evident from the text: the analysis excludes secondhand smoke exposure, smokeless tobacco, electronic cigarettes, vaping products, and heated tobacco products, so the findings cover smoked tobacco use only; countries were grouped by 2020 SDI even though SDI can change over time.
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Claims the paper makes
48 Own result · 26 No basis given · 7 Own method · 7 Own interpretation · 4 Partly supported · 2 Not checked yet · 1 Supported · accuracy not yet measured
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In the paper
“We used a new meta-regression method 27 to re-estimate the dose-response risks of current smoking for 36 health outcomes caused by smoking, based on an updated systematic review of literature.3 4 We included 623 studies”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > Dose-response risk curves
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] Zheng, 2021, Trimmed constrained mixed effects models: formulations and algorithms, Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics source
- Partly supportedcites [3] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods section (page unavailable) says GBD 2019 updated systematic reviews and meta-analysed relative risks as a function of exposure, supporting the cited background on updated literature. It does not report a smoking-specific re-estimation covering 36 outcomes or 623 studies; the Discussion > Limitations section says its dose–response reassessment was limited to dietary risks, kidney dysfunction, and air pollution. In the citing sentence, the new method and study count appear to describe the citing authors’ own work, rather than findings attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [4] Reitsma, 2021, Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis from the global burden of disease study 2019, The Lancet sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods section ('Dose-response risk curves') says the paper used meta-regression and a systematic review to estimate dose-response risks for 36 outcomes among current and former smokers. It reports data extracted from 902 eligible studies, not 623; the 623-study figure is not supported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.90)
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Smoking prevalence has declined by 27.2% (26.0% to 28.3%) for men since 1990, and by 37.9% (35.3% to 40.1%) for women.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > Abstract
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Globally, adult smoking prevalence in 2020 was 32.6% (32.2% to 33.1%) and 6.5% (6.3% to 6.7%) among men and women, respectively.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Globally, adult smoking prevalence in 2020 was 32.6% (32.2% to 33.1%) and 6.5% (6.3% to 6.7%) among men and women, respectively.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“1.18 (0.94 to 1.47) billion people regularly smoke tobacco, causing 7.0 (2.0 to 11.2) million deaths in 2020.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“1.18 (0.94 to 1.47) billion people regularly smoke tobacco, causing 7.0 (2.0 to 11.2) million deaths in 2020.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In most high SDI countries, as well as in Russia, Brazil and Mexico, youth smoking prevalence among men declined by more than 10 percentage points over the past 20 years.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > RESULTS
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In the paper
“For men, prevalence has declined by more than 10 percentage points in a number of countries since 2000 including Canada, Russia, the UK, Australia, Brazil and India”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Conversely, there has been little decline in smoking in most low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) with over half of all men continuing to smoke in large populations in Asia (China, Indonesia), as well as the Pacific Islands.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Overall, less than half of all countries (93) or territories were similarly classified based on male and female prevalence.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > Original research
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
- It may state two separate claims as one. 41
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“smoking is the leading cause of disease burden in many countries.[3][4][5][6][7]”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [3] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Global attributable burden; page unavailable) say tobacco was the leading risk factor for attributable DALYs in seven of 21 regions. The National findings report substantial smoking-attributable burden in many countries, but do not establish that smoking ranked first in those countries; the claim shifts a regional ranking to a national one. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Partly supportedcites [4] Reitsma, 2021, Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis from the global burden of disease study 2019, The Lancet sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page not available in our copy) says smoking was the leading risk factor for deaths and DALYs among males globally. The Results report substantial smoking-attributable burden across countries, but do not establish that smoking ranks first for disease burden in many countries across the whole population. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] Peto R , Lopez AD , Boreham J . Health Effects of Tobacco Use: Global Estimates and Projections. In: Slama K , ed. Tobacco and health. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995: 109–20. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
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In the paper
“Most importantly, they strongly suggest that tobacco control measures, particularly when implemented comprehensively, work, collectively leading to a 27.2% (95% CI: 26.0% to 28.3%) global decline in smoking prevalence among men since 1990, and a much larger decline, 37.9% (95% CI: 35.3% to 40.1%) among women.31 32”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [31] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Main section says tobacco-control policies reduce smoking prevalence and estimates that stronger combined policies would have produced further reductions. But its reported global declines are 7.7% for men and 15.2% for women between 2009 and 2017; it does not substantiate the cited 27.2% and 37.9% declines since 1990 or attribute those figures to the policies. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32] source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“This study complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting recommendations.30”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting compliance
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [30] source
The Summary identifies this paper as the GATHER reporting guidelines and says they comprise an 18-item checklist. The citation identifies the recommendations the citing authors say they followed; it is not evidence independently verifying their study's compliance. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Globally, 1.18 (95% CI: 0.94 to 1.47) billion people in 2020 regularly smoked some form of tobacco, causing 7.0 (95% CI: 2.0 to 11.2) million deaths, or about one in seven of all deaths that occurred that year.4”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [4] Reitsma, 2021, Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis from the global burden of disease study 2019, The Lancet sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract Findings report 1.14 billion current smokers and 7.69 million smoking-attributable deaths in 2019, not the claimed 1.18 billion and 7.0 million in 2020. The Results report that smoking accounted for 13.6% of all deaths in 2019, supporting the approximate ‘one in seven’ share, but not its attribution to 2020. Page numbers were not supplied in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By 2020, the fraction of deaths due to smoking had declined to 15%-19% in the USA, Canada, the UK and most of Western Europe, and even lower, to 10%-14%, in Sweden, Norway, Finland, Australia and New Zealand.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > Original research
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In the paper
“Parts of North Africa (Egypt, Libya, Iran) and East Asia have seen some increase in male prevalence since 2000, as has Botswana.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Eighty-five (42%) countries have moved to phase two, with broad representation across all regions, indicating how pervasive the epidemic is.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > Original research
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In the paper
“From smoking levels in excess of 40% among men around 1970 in many high SDI countries, prevalence has more than halved over the past 50 years and has declined substantially in Latin America.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > DISCUSSION
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In the paper
“Conversely, with few exceptions, there has been little decline in smoking in most low-and middle-SDI countries, with more than half the adult male population in large populations of Asia (China, Indonesia) and Pacific Island countries smoking regularly.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > DISCUSSION
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In the paper
“In 2020, more than half of all adult men in parts of the Indo-Pacific region (Micronesia, Kiribati, Timor-Leste, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands) were smokers, as was the case for Armenia, Mongolia, Jordan (54%-56%) and China (52%).”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > RESULTS
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“Only 33 countries (16% of total) have transitioned to phase four with comparatively low (<20%) prevalence, including the USA, the UK, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Japan and all of Scandinavia, except Denmark.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > Original research
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In the paper
“By 2000, smoking rates in the USA and several other OECD countries fell below 30%, and fell below 20% by 2020, except for a handful of countries in Europe, including Spain, France, Switzerland, Poland and Hungary.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > RESULTS
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In the paper
“Female prevalence data suggest that 40% of countries, half of them in sub-Saharan Africa, are still in the incipient stage of the epidemic, with very low prevalence.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > Original research
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In the paper
“By far the largest declines in consumption have occurred in the high SDI group, falling by about 50%, compared with 25%-30% in other SDI groups.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > RESULTS
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In the paper
“Smoking also claimed 15%-20% of deaths among women at these ages in the USA, Canada and Ireland, and 10%-15% in Australia, where the impact of smoking control measures was already apparent.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > Original research
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In the paper
“female prevalence has not changed significantly since 2000 in most countries, or declined by less than 10 percentage points.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > RESULTS
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In the paper
“Smoking rates among women in the more high SDI countries never attained the levels of men, typically lagging male smoking by two to three decades.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > DISCUSSION
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In the paper
“Female prevalence was highest (34%-40%) in Pacific Island countries (Nauru, Micronesia, Kiribati), but less than 2%-3% for women in several countries in Africa, as well as Tajikistan and Sri Lanka”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > RESULTS
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In the paper
“All are low or low-middle SDI countries, including 10 in sub-Saharan Africa, and 6 Caribbean countries, including Haiti and the Dominican Republic.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > Original research
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“One-quarter of countries (50) have reduced male smoking prevalence to below 25% (phase four), primarily the Anglo-Saxon nations, all of Scandinavia, including Denmark, as well as Singapore, Belgium and the Netherlands, where smoking rates had been among the highest in the world.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > Original research
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“By 2000, male prevalence had already declined substantially in many countries, but remained high in Eastern Europe, Southeast Asia, China, Spain (among Western Europe) and parts of Latin America.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Typically, smoking currently causes 10%-14% of female deaths in the USA, Canada and Europe, but remains low as a cause of deathless than 5%-throughout Asia and Africa.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > Original research
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 2020, consumption among men was highest in Southeast and East Asia, rising sharply between 1970 and 1990, followed by modest declines.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > Original research
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“had fallen to less than 1 in 10 deaths in Mexico and tropical Latin America, and remained low in sub-Saharan Africa.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > Original research
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prevalence has also declined among other sociodemographic categories, less so in the high-middle sociodemographic group.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prevalence has started to decline in 52 countries (25%) classified into phase three, including 10 from Southeast Asia (including China), and 5 in the Pacific, including Fiji and Tonga.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > Original research
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Onequarter of these are Pacific Island countries, another quarter include Russia, and Central and Eastern European countries, and 10 countries are in Latin America.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > Original research
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most noticeable change was an increase in the fraction of former smokers, most of whom were former daily smokers.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > Original research
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among 27 phase three countries, 17 are high-income Western European nations, as well as Argentina, Chile and Uruguay, and 8 countries from Central/Eastern Europe.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > Original research
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Female consumption is highest in the high SDI group, being about twice the level in other SDI categories, although consumption levels have fallen by about 60% since 1970.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There has been little change over the past few decades in the number of cigarette-equivalents smoked per smoker per day, except for the high SDI category-although this decline appears to have stalled during the past 5 years-and the modest but steady increase in consumption in the high-middle SDI group”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > Original research
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among women, youth smoking prevalence also declined by more than 10 percentage points in the majority of high SDI countries, but by less than 10 percentage points in Japan and Eastern and Central European countries.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prevalence fell further by 2020, particularly in Latin America and India, with levels below 30%.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among women, smoking prevalence in the high SDI group has fallen by about 50% since 1970, with little change evident for all other SDI categories.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, France and Portugal, alone among high-income countries, are at phase two, and six phase two countries are from sub-Saharan Africa.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > Original research
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thirteen Pacific Island countries or territories, 17 in sub-Saharan Africa, 15 from Central/Eastern Europe, 10 from Latin America and 16 from the Middle East/North African region have been classified phase two, as well as Indonesia and Timor-Leste, with the highest smoking rates in the world, and a handful of high-income countries, including Austria, Portugal, Cyprus and Chile.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > Original research
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another 12 are from Central/Eastern Europe, including Russia, Hungary and Poland, and 2 (Mexico and Cuba) from Latin America.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > Original research
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“male consumption is highest in the high-middle SDI group, being about twice as high as for other SDI categories.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another 31% (64 countries) have moved into phase two, with rising prevalence and little evidence of decline.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > Original research
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“cigarette smoking is estimated to have caused over 100 million deaths last century and will cause over 1 billion deaths this century unless more effective measures are taken to end the tobacco epidemic.19”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Peto R , Lopez AD . Future worldwide health effects of current smoking patterns. Jossey-Bass, 2001. Available: https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:114032 [Accessed 29 Sep 2021].
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The addiction will eventually kill half of all smokers.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While global smoking prevalence has fallen, smoking is still common and causes a significant health burden worldwide.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we mapped all non-reference case definitions to our reference case definitions.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > Prevalence of smoked tobacco use
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our findings should be interpreted taking into consideration the study's limitations, primarily related to data quality and availability.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Smoking is likely to remain a leading cause of preventable death throughout this century unless smoking cessation efforts can significantly and rapidly reduce the number of smokers, particularly in Asia.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is much less evident among the next sociodemographic category (high-middle), although this may well reflect compositional issues since the experience of China would dominate this category, at least in more recent years.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We produced 1000 draws from the posterior distribution of ST-GPR and used the 25th and the 975th draws to construct uncertainty intervals around the final estimates.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > Prevalence of smoked tobacco use
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Predictions of 1 billion deaths from smoking this century unless there is urgent and substantial progress with cessation strategies 19 highlight the enormous toll of avoidable mortality that smoking will cause, in the absence of effective national policy responses, especially in high prevalence countries.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Peto R , Lopez AD . Future worldwide health effects of current smoking patterns. Jossey-Bass, 2001. Available: https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:114032 [Accessed 29 Sep 2021].
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“systematic data quality checks were performed to identify and exclude implausible or inconsistent data.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > Prevalence of smoked tobacco use
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Smoking also claimed 15%-20% of deaths among women at these ages in the USA, Canada and Ireland, and 10%-15% in Australia, where the impact of smoking control measures was already apparent.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > Original research
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The authors state this as an assumption.
The addiction will eventually kill half of all smokers.
“assuming that the addiction will eventually kill half of all smokers”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“Among 27 phase three countries, 17 are high-income Western European nations, as well as Argentina, Chile and Uruguay, and 8 countries from Central/Eastern Europe.”
§ Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action > Original research
Reported 27 · recomputed 28
Citations
Cites
Vos, T., Lim, S. S., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abbasi, M., Abbasifard, M., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abbastabar, H., Abd-Allah, F., Abdelalim, A., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30925-9 · Cited by 19,358
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Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 1
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 533
Sayed, S. H., Gushgari, O. A., Alshwail, F. A., et al. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13172158 · Cited by 4
“However, this decline is uneven globally, with Asia and Africa showing the least decline in smoking prevalence [3].”
Woods, K. S., Beidas, M., Murugan, V., Billion, T., Tauseef, A., & Mirza, M. M. (2025) · Respiratory Research · doi:10.1186/s12931-025-03336-0 · Cited by 4
“While smoking rates have declined globally, tobacco use remains the primary risk factor for lung cancer development and a significant health burden in low-and middle-income countries [20].”
Prevalence and determinants of e-cigarette use in South Asia: a systematic review
Jayasinghe, Y. A., Ratnapreya, S., Nawarathna, G. S., Peiris, P. M., Kanmodi, K. K., & Jayasinghe, R. D. (2025) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2024-018363 · Cited by 4
“58 59 However, there was no article published in the year 2021 (online supplemental table 9).”
Yamamoto, T., Abbas, H., Cooray, U., Yokoyama, T., & Tabuchi, T. (2024) · Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.2188/jea.je20240153 · Cited by 4
Rosa, G. R. M. L., Giovane, C. D., Pedullá, E., Kowalski, J., Chapple, I., Minozzi, S., Amaliya, A., & Polosa, R. (2025) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-025-02839-7 · Cited by 4
“Tobacco consumption is a global health challenge, impacting millions of people worldwide [1].”
Factors influencing tobacco smoking among men aged 15–49 years in Nepal
Otoo, D. M., Salu, S., Tsekpetse, P., & Kotey, O. N.-K. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-07920-8 · Cited by 5
Guntinas‐Lichius, O., Bücking, C., Ng, S. P., et al. (2025) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics15162095 · Cited by 4
“The associated prevalence of risk factors in patients with HNC varies widely (for instance, adult smoking prevalence in 2020 was 32.6% [25], while Fanconi anemia was set at 0.7%).”
InfluentialLight cigarette smoking and all-cause mortality in Spain. A national population-based cohort study
Galán, I., Ortíz, C., Pérez‐Ríos, M., Ayuso-Álvarez, A., Rodríguez‐Blázquez, C., Damián, J., Fernández‐Escobar, C., García‐Esquinas, E., & López‐Cuadrado, T. (2022) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2022.12.001 · Cited by 4
Martínez, R., Soliz, P. N., Campbell, N. R. C., Lackland, D. T., Whelton, P. K., & Ordúñez, P. (2023) · Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública · doi:10.26633/rpsp.2023.124 · Cited by 4
Tobacco products and oral conditions among US adults: NHANES 2017–2020
Alamer, N. I., Alsaleh, A., & Alkhaldi, S. (2024) · Journal of Public Health Dentistry · doi:10.1111/jphd.12615 · Cited by 4
Hwang, J., Jo, S., Kang, H., Cheon, E., & Cho, S. (2024) · Tobacco Induced Diseases · doi:10.18332/tid/189952 · Cited by 4
“The time taken for smoking to cause disease varies depending on the illness but is estimated to be approximately 20–30 years 10 .”
BackgroundHow Did the COVID‐19 Pandemic Change Cigarette Smoking Behavior?
Semprini, J. (2024) · Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1002/lim2.70005 · Cited by 4
Mills, T., Dawkins, L., Dean, R., Lewis, E., Jenkins, C., Wills, J., & Sykes, S. (2025) · Perspectives in Public Health · doi:10.1177/17579139251322314 · Cited by 4
Khaloufi, I., Karim, M., Benrhila, S., & Rachik, M. (2025) · Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics · doi:10.1016/j.padiff.2025.101186 · Cited by 3
Sun, Z., Zhang, M., Zuo, Y., Li, W., Li, S., Zhang, Y., & Chen, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1490428 · Cited by 4
Baker, A., McCarter, K. L., Turner, A., Segan, C., Castle, D. J., Brophy, L. M., Borland, R., Kelly, P. J., Bonevski, B., Baird, D. E., et al. (2023) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674231181039 · Cited by 4
“Although tobacco control measures, particularly when implemented comprehensively, have resulted in declines in smoking across many parts of the world, not all population groups have benefitted to the same degree (Dai et al., 2022).”
BackgroundTobacco use in Haiti: findings from demographic and health survey
Paul, B., Simon, D. J., Tokpovi, V. C. K., Kiragu, A., Balthazard-Accou, K., & Emmanuel, É. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-17409-6 · Cited by 5
“In addition, while data suggest that smoking prevalence has decreased [6], smoking during pregnancy remains prevalent in many countries [1].”
BackgroundFu, T., Luo, H., Na, Z., Xia, C., & Fan, L. (2025) · Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/aogs.15126 · Cited by 3
“51 Developed countries in Europe and America began tobacco control in the last century, 52,53 leading to a noticeable decline in active and passive smoking rates among pregnant women.”
Exposure to Toxic Compounds Using Alternative Smoking Products: Analysis of Empirical Data
Sakalauskaitė, S., Zdanavičius, L., Šteinmiller, J., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph22071010 · Cited by 3
“An assessment of smoking trends between 1970 and 2020 shows that smoking rates declined by about 15% within the US and several other countries in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) [2].”
Zhang, P., Zhu, J., Chen, X., Tao, C., Zhou, J., Zhang, Z., & Hong, X. (2025) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118818 · Cited by 3
Dose-response relationship of cadmium and pancreatic cancer risk: a meta-analysis
Lee, F., Inchai, H., Lin, J., et al. (2025) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oemed-2025-110163 · Cited by 3
“48 Biological differences, such as variations in Cd metabolism and detoxification, may contribute further.”
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Cacciatore, S., Levati, E., Calvani, R., Tosato, M., Ciciarello, F., Galluzzo, V., Salini, S., Russo, A., Marzetti, E., & Landi, F. (2025) · Medical Sciences · doi:10.3390/medsci13040251 · Cited by 3
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“Although LMICs typically report higher rates of hypertension [32] and smoking [33], our cohort showed greater prevalence of these risk factors in the USA, consistent with the higher SAH incidence observed in high-income settings [34].”
Wies, C., Ssabbagh, M. A., Elango, V., Schiavone, S., Anderson, C. L., Theilmann, M., Geldsetzer, P., Hoe, C., Winkler, & Brinker, T. J. (2026) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc-2025-059403 · Cited by 3
“31 32 This finding aligns with the results of our current study, as different WHO regions displayed different outcomes regarding attempts to quit smoking and success in quitting smoking.”
Kinouani, S., Cruz, H. D., Langlois, E., et al. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0297156 · Cited by 3
Perforated peptic ulcer – a case series and an African perspective
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Guohui, L. I., Liu, L., Liu, D.-L., et al. (2024) · Tobacco Induced Diseases · doi:10.18332/tid/189222 · Cited by 3
“Globally, there were 1.18 billion frequent smokers in 2020, which contributed to 7 million fatalities and roughly one-seventh of all deaths that year 2 .”
BackgroundInfluentialGrande, M. R. L., Borland, R., Gravely, S. M. L., Cummings, K. M., McNeill, A. D., Yong, H., & GARTNER, C. E. (2024) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc-2023-058532 · Cited by 3
Oliffe, J. L., Kelly, M. T., Gao, N., et al. (2024) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/15579883241277047 · Cited by 3
“…men are overrepresented both as perpetrators and victims of big tobacco (and most other health-risk products) with their dominance in the manufacture and sales, and consumption with higher smoking rates compared with women (Dai et al., 2022; Marino et al., 2021; Patro´-Herna´ndez et al., 2020).”
BackgroundAssociation between serum cotinine and total testosterone in adult males based on NHANES 2011–2016
Liu, M., Gou, Y., Zou, B., Li, X., & Yang, P. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-74482-6 · Cited by 3
Reasons for cigarette and tobacco product use, dual use, and poly use among university students
Sullman, M. J. M., Pérez, M. E. G., Hughes, J. D., et al. (2024) · Tobacco Induced Diseases · doi:10.18332/tid/195379 · Cited by 3
Assessment of smoking status by different specialties doctors in outpatient and inpatient settings
Bondar, S. A., Конради, А. О., & Salagay, O. О. (2024) · Russian Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.17116/profmed20242712124 · Cited by 3
Influence of smoking on human hearing - literature review
Myszel, K., & Skarzynski, P. H. (2024) · Central European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.21101/cejph.a8218 · Cited by 3
Kiselev, N., Schaffner, R. M., Csepregi, Z., Wenger, A., Castro, R. P., & Haug, S. (2025) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/64861 · Cited by 3
How has the brain disease model of addiction contributed to tobacco control?
Hall, W., GARTNER, C. E., & Morphett, K. (2023) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.111033 · Cited by 4
How Did the COVID‐19 Pandemic Change Cigarette Smoking Behavior?
Semprini, J. (2024) · Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1002/lim2.117 · Cited by 3
Wu, N., Chow, R., Verhoeff, N., Venkatraman, A., Xiang, A. J., Fong, E., Heid, O., Shorr, R., Jama, S., Cowan, A., et al. (2024) · BMC Nephrology · doi:10.1186/s12882-024-03845-y · Cited by 2
“Furthermore, although global tobacco smoking rates are declining in higher-income countries, little decrease is observed in lower-and middle-income countries, particularly in Asia and Africa [9–11].”
Daroedono, E., Siagian, F. E., Sunarti, L. S., Panjaitan, A. O., Parningotan, J., & Siregar, L. T. T. (2022) · Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medical Research · doi:10.9734/jocamr/2022/v19i230370 · Cited by 3
Prevalence of strabismus in Pakistan: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Zehra, Z., von Bartheld, C. S., Khan, W., et al. (2024) · Strabismus · doi:10.1080/09273972.2024.2408416 · Cited by 2
“49 Since smoking has decreased in Pakistan over the past three decades, 50 similar to many other countries, this may be one of the contributing factors in the decrease of strabismus prevalence.”
Smoking Cessation Programs for Women in Non-reproductive Contexts: A Systematic Review
Gruber, A., Braverman, A., deRuiter, W. K., Rodak, T., Greaves, L., Poole, N., Parry, M. J. E., Kastner, M., Sherifali, D., Whitmore, C., et al. (2025) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2025.01.003 · Cited by 3
Wang, W., Wang, H., & Zhao, R. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Health Research · doi:10.1080/09603123.2025.2538500 · Cited by 2
“A consistent gender disparity was observed, with males bearing a higher burden across all subtypes, potentially due to greater occupational PM exposure and higher smoking prevalence (Salmon et al. 2018; Dai et al. 2022).”
Gambari, R., & Finotti, A. (2025) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules30173496 · Cited by 3
“…to the “WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco use 2000– 2030” (16 January 2024, ISBN: 978-92-4-008828-3) [1], although the total number of tobacco users has declined steadily over the period 2000–2022, this number is still expected to be very high (around 1.20 billion) by 2030 [1,2].”
InfluentialDing, R., Elmadhoun, O., Chen, R., & Ji, X. (2025) · Brain Circulation · doi:10.4103/bc.bc_15_25 · Cited by 4
“[51] Smoking impairs vasodilation primarily by reducing nitric oxide bioavailability, and exacerbates inflammation, increasing leukocyte recruitment and adhesion to the vessel wall.”
Bascil, M. S., & Iscanli, I. N. (2025) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics15222839 · Cited by 2
Oo, M. Z., Tint, S. S., Rerkasem, A., Por, L., Wiwatkunupakarn, N., Angkurawaranon, C., & Rerkasem, K. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-102314 · Cited by 2
Wang, B., Chen, T. Y., Lee, M. H., Chan, K. H., Chan, S. S. C., Wong, I. C. K., & Wan, E. Y. F. (2026) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-025-04600-2 · Cited by 3
“…such as the United States and Australia, typically initiate smoking at younger ages, smoke more heavily, are further along in the tobacco epidemic [1, 47], and the full risks of smoking are more evident in regions at advanced epidemic stages where decades of high tobacco consumption have already…”
InfluentialRamji, S., Daniel, S., Ansari, A. S., et al. (2026) · International Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/s10792-026-03944-9 · Cited by 2
Healthy lifestyle and periodontitis: a multi-omics cross-sectional study in a Chinese cohort
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“The exposure rate of unhealthy lifestyles such as smoking and drinking is generally higher in men [53,54].”
Exercise-based interventions for smoking cessation: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Singh, B., Petersen, J. M., Miatke, A., Dumuid, D., Szeto, K., Dankiw, K. A., Mellow, M. L., Vaikar, S. J., Eglitis, E., Zhou, M., et al. (2026) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2026.101138 · Cited by 3
Zhang, B., Chen, Q., Chen, Y., & Zhang, H. (2026) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-026-08158-z · Cited by 2
“Rising trends in smoking, obesity, and pro-inflammatory exposures over recent decades, particularly in rapidly urbanizing middle-income countries, have been implicated in the increasing incidence of autoimmune diseases [25, 31, 32].”
Thakur, A. K., Subramanian, P. S. G., Verma, V., & Patel, S. (2026) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142424 · Cited by 3
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Lawson, J. S. (2023) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2023.1267205 · Cited by 2
Exploring Strategies to Achieve the 2030 Health Plan’s Male Smoking Prevalence Target Using SimSmoke
Park, S., Kim, H., & Cho, S. (2023) · Journal of the Korean Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · doi:10.25055/jksrnt.2023.14.4.121 · Cited by 2
Gómez-Rice, A., Capdevila-Bayo, M., Núñez-Pereira, S., Haddad, S., Pérez-Grueso, F., Kleinstück, F. S., Obeid, I., Alanay, A., Pellisé, F., Pizones, J., et al. (2024) · Spine Deformity · doi:10.1007/s43390-024-00821-2 · Cited by 2
“Globally, adult smoking prevalence in 2020 was 32.6% and 6.5% among men and women, respectively [2].”
InfluentialRise in Chronic Diseases: Will Radiology Survive?
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Uhlrich, É., Klijanienko, J., Martin, J., et al. (2024) · European Journal of Cancer Prevention · doi:10.1097/cej.0000000000000933 · Cited by 2
The Impact of Smoking on Sperm Quality and the DAZ Gene
Sukarjati, S., Choirunnisa, N., & Fajar, N. S. (2024) · Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA · doi:10.29303/jppipa.v10i11.9213 · Cited by 2
Correlation Between BMI and Kidney Tumor Lateralization: Insights into Survival and Risk Factors
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Moon, J. H., & Jung, S. (2024) · Public Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/phn.13510 · Cited by 2
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Trends in the Incidence and Mortality of Tobacco-Related Cancers Among Adults in the United States
Mansingka, N., Adekanmbi, V., Hsu, C. D., et al. (2025) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers17030534 · Cited by 2
“It is estimated that 1.2 billion people worldwide use tobacco products regularly in 2020, with the number of male smokers being five times of female smokers [5].”
InfluentialNagar, J. G., Patel, M., Rami, K. C., et al. (2025) · Journal of Advanced Lung Health · doi:10.4103/jalh.jalh_60_24 · Cited by 2
The Influence of Perimenstrual Daily Ovarian Hormones on Anxiety and Cigarette Craving
Farris, S. G., Rogers, A. H., DiBello, A. M., Altman, B. R., Smith, J. E., Lambert-Messerlian, G. M., Saladin, M. E., & Abrantes, A. M. (2025) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntaf052 · Cited by 2
Predictors of high tobacco use prevalence among adults in Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, Serbia
Ukropina, S., Milijašević, D., Tomašević, T., et al. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0320647 · Cited by 2
“The study which included 3431 surveys by Dai X et al. [71] showed that although smoking prevalence has declined by 27.2% for men since 1990, and by 37.9% for women, smoking is still common and causes a significant health burden worldwide, with unequal declines between countries, shifting the…”
InfluentialAbbasi, A., Tajik, A., Sharifi, F., Moghri, J., Momken, M., Khalse, Z., & Varmaghani, M. (2025) · Tobacco Use Insights · doi:10.1177/1179173x251337114 · Cited by 2
Risk factors predisposing children to transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy
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Kim, Y. G., Jeong, J. H., Han, K., Roh, S., Seo, C.-O., Kim, Y., Lee, H. S., Shim, J., Kim, Y.-H., & Choi, J. (2025) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwaf327 · Cited by 2
Xiao, L., Weah, N. M., Chen, Y., Weedor, J. G., Wang, W., Jiang, L., Cong, X., & Chen, Y. (2025) · Tobacco Induced Diseases · doi:10.18332/tid/209146 · Cited by 2
Applying Lessons From Major Public Health Accomplishments to Firearm Injuries in the US
Gonzalez-Guarda, R. M. (2023) · JAMA Health Forum · doi:10.1001/jamahealthforum.2023.2201 · Cited by 2
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Leong, D. P., PURE Investigators, Yusuf, R., Iqbal, R., Avezum, Á., Yusufali, A., Rosengren, A., Chifamba, J., Lanas, F. T., Dı́az, M. L., et al. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.03.11.24304132 · Cited by 2
Obia, O., Nda-ue, L., Ojeka, S. O., Ogba, A., & Nwokocha, F. N. (2024) · East African Scholars Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.36349/easms.2024.v07i04.005 · Cited by 1
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“Between 1990 and 2020 global smoking prevalence declined by 27.2% for men and by 37.9% for women [10].”
InfluentialPark, B., Jang, Y., Kim, T., Choi, Y., Ahn, K. H., Kim, J. H., Seong, H., Choi, J. Y., Kim, H. Y., Song, J. Y., et al. (2024) · Epidemiology and Health · doi:10.4178/epih.e2024097 · Cited by 1
“Cigarette smoking remains the leading cause of death worldwide, responsible for 7 million deaths globally in 2020 [1].”
InfluentialAssociation of Smoking and Young Cryptogenic Ischemic Stroke
Ferdinand, P., Bajpai, R. C., von Sarnowski, B., Ylikotila, P., Zedde, M., Sarkanen, T., Ryliškienė, K., Martinez‐Majander, N., Tulkki, L. J., Líčeník, R., et al. (2025) · Neurology Open Access · doi:10.1212/wn9.0000000000000003 · Cited by 1
Liu, M., Fu, Y. S., Zhu, S., et al. (2025) · Thoracic Cancer · doi:10.1111/1759-7714.70051 · Cited by 1
“In this study, only one patient had a smoking history, consistent with the lower smoking prevalence among women in China [14].”
Lifestyle changes for cardiometabolic health: Planting the seeds for long-term benefit
Lian, L.-Y., Chen, Q., & Zhou, X. (2025) · World Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.4330/wjc.v17.i4.103544 · Cited by 1
Knowledge and awareness of the health effects of electronic cigarette among college students
Khateeb, S., Alsuqaie, D., Sobahi, S., Muminah, D., Alyafi, L., & Alotbi, T. (2025) · Journal of Medicine and Life · doi:10.25122/jml-2025-0016 · Cited by 1
“Smoking is a global health epidemic, with approximately 1.18 billion people using tobacco products and around 7 million deaths attributed to tobacco use in 2020 [1].”
InfluentialSmoking and Coronary Atherosclerosis: Disproportionate Impact on the Right Coronary Artery
Dahlgren, A., Erlinge, D., Torii, R., Yong, E., Bergström, G. M. L., Jernberg, T., Fröbert, O., Thrane, P. G., Mæng, M., Stone, G. W., et al. (2025) · Journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography & Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.jscai.2025.103609 · Cited by 1
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Tobacco cessation among dual users: analysis of two rounds of Global Adult Tobacco Survey, India
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Nsanzabera, C., Rukundo, J. C., Said, M. Y., et al. (2025) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0003946 · Cited by 1
“Smoking profoundly alters biomarker levels, with elevated cotinine reflecting nicotine exposure, heightened malondialdehyde indicating oxidative stress, and increased C-reactive protein signaling systemic inflammation [4,5].”
Mohdkhairi, M., & Mulenga, D. (2025) · Discover Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12982-025-00842-w · Cited by 3
Impact of Tobacco Cessation Programmes on Oral Health Outcomes among Community Tobacco Users
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“Smoking is generally considered the leading cause of preventable diseases worldwide, since almost one out of three men regularly smokes, and seven million deaths every year are associated with tobacco consumption [12, 39].”
Impact of cigarette smoke on the functions of mesenchymal stem cells
Pavlovic, D., Papic, D., Nićiforović, D., & Volarević, V. (2025) · Cell Transplantation · doi:10.1177/09636897251374178 · Cited by 1
“Despite a decline in global smoking prevalence, tobacco use remains widespread, contributing to a substantial health burden globally, with one billion individuals smoking regularly and resulting in 7.0 million deaths in 2020 24 .”
InfluentialPiumika, L., Silva, D., Silva, R. D., et al. (2025) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-025-13508-9 · Cited by 1
“Shifting towards the American continent, South America historically, the SP rates are driven towards moderate to high, while TBLC has been significant and a leading cause in the North American continent parallelly [16, 17].”
Ismail, Y. A., Habib, O. K., El-Bannan, Y., Ramadan, R., Henidak, M. O., El-Badry, M. E., Rabea, A. R., Fouad, A. A., El-Tahlawy, S. I., El-Shawa, R. M., et al. (2025) · Middle East Current Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s43045-025-00558-2 · Cited by 1
“Approximately 1.18 billion people smoked tobacco regularly, resulting in an estimated 7.0 million (ranging from 2.0 to 11.2 million) deaths that year [2].”
Influential
Metadata
- Authors
- Dai, X., Gakidou, E., & Lopez, A. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Venue
- Tobacco Control
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2022-03
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 129-137
- ISSN
- 0964-4563 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-3318
- OpenAlex
- W4214882427
- Cited by
- 535
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 107 · 2025: 177 · 2024: 153 · 2023: 75 · 2022: 23
- FWCI
- 66.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Tobacco Control (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Bloomberg Philanthropies
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- smoking prevalence, smoking-related mortality, population attributable fraction, pack-years, smoking cessation, sex differences in smoking, low- and middle-income countries, tobacco control, global burden of disease, Latin America
- MeSH terms
- Global Burden of Disease, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Smoking, Global Health, Prevalence, Policy
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